EVENTS OF THIS DAY IN THE PAST. 16/11

• 534 – Justinian I, who was an Eastern Roman (Byzantine) emperor in Constantinople, approves and publishes the second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus
• 951 – Emperor Li Jing sends a Southern Tang expeditionary force of 10,000 men under Bian Hao to conquer Chu. Li Jing removes the ruling family to his own capital in Nanjing, ending the Chu Kingdom.
• 1272 – While travelling during the Ninth Crusade, Prince Edward becomes King of England upon Henry III of England's death, but he will not return to England for nearly two years to assume the throne.
• 1491 – An auto-da-fé, held in the Brasero de la Dehesa outside of Ávila, concludes the case of the Holy Child of La Guardia with the public execution of several Jewish and converso suspects.
• 1532 – Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca Emperor Atahualpa at the Battle of Cajamarca.
• 1776 – American Revolutionary War: British and Hessian units capture Fort Washington from the Patriots.
• 1776 – American Revolution: The United Provinces (Low Countries) recognize the independence of the United States.
• 1793 – French Revolution: Ninety dissident Roman Catholic priests are executed by drowning at Nantes.
• 1797 – The Prussian heir apparent, Frederick William, becomes King of Prussia as Frederick William III.
• 1805 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Schöngrabern: Russian forces under Pyotr Bagration delay the pursuit by French troops under Joachim Murat.
• 1822 – American Old West: Missouri trader William Becknell arrives in Santa Fe, New Mexico, over a route that became known as the Santa Fe Trail.
• 1828 – Greek War of Independence: The London Protocol entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, encompassing the Morea and the Cyclades.
• 1849 – A Russian court sentences writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group; his sentence is later commuted to hard labor.
• 1852 – The English astronomer John Russell Hind discovers the asteroid 22 Kalliope.
• 1855 – David Livingstone becomes the first European to see the Victoria Falls in what is now Zambia-Zimbabwe.
• 1857 – Second relief of Lucknow: Twenty-four Victoria Crosses are awarded, the most in a single day.
• 1863 – American Civil War: Battle of Campbell's Station near Knoxville, Tennessee: Confederate troops unsuccessfully attack Union forces.
• 1871 – The National Rifle Association receives its charter from New York State.
• 1885 – Canadian rebel leader of the Métis and "Father of Manitoba" Louis Riel is executed for treason.
• 1904 – English engineer John Ambrose Fleming receives a patent for the thermionic valve (vacuum tube).
• 1907 – Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory join to form Oklahoma, which is admitted as the 46th U.S. state.
• 1907 – Cunard Line's RMS Mauretania, sister ship of RMS Lusitania, sets sail on her maiden voyage from Liverpool, England, to New York City.
• 1914 – The Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens.
• 1920 – Qantas, Australia's national airline, is founded as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited.
• 1933 – The United States and the Soviet Union establish formal diplomatic relations.
• 1938 – LSD is first synthesized by Albert Hofmann from ergotamine at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel.^[1]
• 1940 – World War II: In response to the leveling of Coventry by the German Luftwaffe two days before, the Royal Air Force bombs Hamburg.
• 1940 – The Holocaust: In occupied Poland, the Nazis close off the Warsaw Ghetto from the outside world.
• 1940 – New York City's "Mad Bomber" George Metesky places his first bomb at a Manhattan office building used by Consolidated Edison.
• 1943 – World War II: American bombers strike a hydro-electric power facility and heavy water factory in German-controlled Vemork, Norway.
• 1944 – World War II: Operation Queen, the costly Allied thrust to the Rur, is launched.
• 1944 – World War II: Düren, Germany, is destroyed by Allied bombers.
• 1945 – UNESCO is founded.
• 1965 – Venera program: The Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe toward Venus, which will be the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet.
• 1973 – Skylab program: NASA launches Skylab 4 with a crew of three astronauts from Cape Canaveral, Florida for an 84-day mission.
• 1973 – U.S. President Richard Nixon signs the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act into law, authorizing the construction of the Alaska Pipeline.
• 1974 – The Arecibo message is broadcast from the Arecibo Radio Telescope in Puerto Rico. It was aimed at the current location of the globular star cluster Messier 13 some 25,000 light years away. The message will reach empty space by the time it finally arrives since the cluster will have changed position.
• 1979 – The first line of Bucharest Metro (Line M1) is opened from Timpuri Noi to Semănătoarea in Bucharest, Romania.
• 1988 – The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic declares that Estonia is "sovereign" but stops short of declaring independence.
• 1988 – In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan elect populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister of Pakistan.
• 1989 – El Salvadoran army troops kills six Jesuit priests and two others at Jose Simeon Canas University.
• 1990 – Pop group Milli Vanilli are stripped of their Grammy Award because the duo did not sing at all on the Girl You Know It's True album. Session musicians had provided all the vocals.
• 1992 – The Hoxne Hoard is discovered by metal detectorist Eric Lawes in Hoxne, Suffolk.
• 1997 – After nearly 18 years of incarceration, the People's Republic of China releases Wei Jingsheng, a pro-democracy dissident, from jail for medical reasons.

• 42 BC – Tiberius, Roman emperor (d. 37 AD)^[2]
• 1436 – Leonardo Loredan, Italian ruler (d. 1521)^[3]
• 1457 – Beatrice of Naples, Hungarian queen (d. 1508)^[4]
• 1466 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, philosopher (d. 1522)
• 1483 – Elisabeth of the Palatinate, Landgravine of Hesse, German noble (d. 1522)
• 1528 – Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre (d. 1572)^[5]
• 1531 – Anna d'Este, Duchess consort of Nemours (d. 1607)^[6]
• 1538 – Saint Turibius of Mongrovejo, Spanish Grand Inquisitioner, Archbishop of Lima (d. 1606)
• 1540 – Princess Cecilia of Sweden (d. 1627)^[7]
• 1566 – Anna Juliana Gonzaga, Archduchess of Austria and nun (d. 1621)
• 1569 – Paul Sartorius, German organist and composer (d. 1609)
• 1603 – Augustyn Kordecki, Polish monk (d. 1673)
• 1643 – Jean Chardin, French-English jeweler and explorer (d. 1703)
• 1648 – Charles Duncombe, English banker and politician (d. 1711)
• 1715 – Girolamo Abos, Maltese-Italian composer and educator (d. 1760)
• 1717 – Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher (d. 1793)
• 1720 – Carlo Antonio Campioni, French-Italian composer (d. 1788)
• 1750 – Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough, English lawyer, judge, and politician (d. 1818)
• 1753 – James McHenry, Irish-American surgeon and politician (d. 1816)
• 1758 – Peter Andreas Heiberg, Danish philologist and author (d. 1841)
• 1774 – Georg von Cancrin, German-Russian Minister of Finance (d. 1845)
• 1793 – Francis Danby, Irish painter of the Romantic era (d. 1861)
• 1806 – Mary Tyler Peabody Mann, American author and educator (d. 1887)
• 1807 – Jónas Hallgrímsson, Icelandic poet, author and naturalist (d. 1845)
• 1811 – John Bright, English academic and politician (d. 1889)
• 1836 – Kalākaua of Hawaii (d. 1891)
• 1839 – Louis-Honoré Fréchette, Canadian poet, author, and politician (d. 1908)
• 1841 – Jules Violle, French physicist and academic (d. 1923)
• 1847 – Edmund James Flynn, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1927)
• 1851 – Minnie Hauk, American-Swiss soprano and actress (d. 1929)
• 1856 – Jürgen Kröger, German architect (d. 1928)
• 1861 – Luigi Facta, Italian politician and journalist (d. 1930)
• 1862 – Charles Turner, Australian cricketer (d. 1944)
• 1873 – W. C. Handy, American trumpet player and composer (d. 1958)
• 1874 – Alexander Kolchak, Russian admiral and explorer (d. 1920)
• 1883 – Emil Breitkreutz, American runner and coach (d. 1972)
• 1888 – Luis Cluzeau Mortet, Uruguayan pianist and composer (d. 1957)
• 1889 – George S. Kaufman, American director, producer, and playwright (d. 1961)
• 1889 – Dietrich Kraiß, German general (d. 1944)
• 1890 – Elpidio Quirino, 6th President of the Philippines (d. 1956)
• 1892 – Guo Moruo, Chinese historian, author, and poet (d. 1978)
• 1892 – Tazio Nuvolari, Italian race car driver and motorcycle racer (d. 1953)
• 1894 – Bobby Cruickshank, American golfer (d. 1975)
• 1894 – Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, Austrian philosopher and politician (d. 1972)
• 1895 – Paul Hindemith, German violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 1963)^[8]
• 1896 – Joan Lindsay, Australian author and critic (d. 1984)^[9]
• 1896 – Oswald Mosley, English fascist leader and politician (d. 1980)
• 1896 – Lawrence Tibbett, American actor and singer (d. 1960)
• 1897 – Choudhry Rahmat Ali, Indian-Pakistani academic (d. 1951)
• 1899 – Mary Margaret McBride, American radio host (d. 1976)
• 1900 – Eliška Junková, Czechoslovakian race car driver (d. 1994)
• 1904 – Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1st President of Nigeria (d. 1996)
• 1905 – Eddie Condon, American guitarist and banjo player (d. 1973)
• 1907 – Burgess Meredith, American actor, singer, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1997)
• 1909 – Mirza Nasir Ahmad, Indian-Pakistani religious leader (d. 1982)
• 1912 – George O. Petrie, American actor and director (d. 1997)
• 1912 – W. E. D. Ross, Canadian actor, playwright, and author (d. 1995)
• 1913 – Ellen Albertini Dow, American actress (d. 2015)
• 1914 – Eddie Chapman, English spy (d. 1997)
• 1915 – Jean Fritz, Chinese-American author (d. 2017)
• 1916 – Harold Baigent, New Zealand actor and director (d. 1996)
• 1916 – Daws Butler, American voice actor and singer (d. 1988)
• 1916 – Al Lucas, Canadian-American bassist (d. 1983)
• 1922 – Gene Amdahl, American computer scientist, physicist, and engineer (d. 2015)
• 1922 – José Saramago, Portuguese novelist (d. 2010)
• 1924 – Sam Farber, American businessman (d. 2013)
• 1924 – Mel Patton, American sprinter and coach (d. 2014)
• 1927 – Dolo Coker, American pianist and composer (d. 1983)
• 1928 – Clu Gulager, American actor and director
• 1929 – Peter Boizot, English businessman
• 1930 – Chinua Achebe, Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic. (d. 2013)
• 1930 – Paul Foytack, American baseball player
• 1930 – Salvatore Riina, Italian mob boss
• 1931 – Luciano Bottaro, Italian author and illustrator (d. 2006)
• 1931 – Hubert Sumlin, American singer and guitarist (d. 2011)
• 1933 – Garnet Mimms, American R&B singer
• 1935 – Elizabeth Drew, American journalist and author
• 1935 – Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, Iraqi-Lebanese cleric, educator, and author (d. 2010)
• 1935 – Magdi Yacoub, Egyptian-English surgeon and academic
• 1936 – John Moore, Australian businessman and politician
• 1937 – Alan Budd, English economist and academic
• 1938 – Ahmed Bouanani, Moroccan filmmaker (d. 2011)
• 1938 – Kang Ning-hsiang, Taiwanese politician
• 1938 – Walter Learning, Canadian actor
• 1938 – Robert Nozick, American philosopher, author, and academic (d. 2002)
• 1938 – Troy Seals, American singer-songwriter and guitarist.
• 1939 – Michael Billington, English author and critic
• 1940 – Donna McKechnie, American actress, singer, and dancer
• 1941 – Angelo Gilardino, Italian guitarist, composer, and musicologist
• 1941 – Gerry Marshall, English race car driver (d. 2005)
• 1941 – Dan Penn, American singer-songwriter and producer
• 1942 – Willie Carson, Scottish jockey and sportscaster
• 1942 – Joanna Pettet, English-Canadian actress
• 1944 – Oliver Braddick, English psychologist and academic
• 1945 – Teenie Hodges, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2014)
• 1945 – Lynn Hunt, American historian, author, and academic
• 1946 – Colin Burgess, Australian drummer and songwriter
• 1946 – Jo Jo White, American basketball player and coach (d. 2018)
• 1947 – Omar Ruiz Hernández, Cuban journalist and activist
• 1948 – Tihomir "Pop" Asanović, Croatian jazz-rock keyboardist and composer
• 1948 – Horst Bertram, German footballer and manager
• 1948 – Chi Coltrane, American singer-songwriter and pianist
• 1948 – Bonnie Greer, American-English playwright and critic
• 1948 – Ken James, Australian actor
• 1950 – Manuel Zamora, Filipino farmer and politician
• 1951 – Andy Dalton, New Zealand rugby player
• 1952 – Shigeru Miyamoto, Japanese video game designer
• 1953 – Griff Rhys Jones, Welsh comedian, actor, and author
• 1954 – Andrea Barrett, American novelist and short story writer^[10]
• 1954 – Dick Gross, Australian lawyer and politician
• 1955 – Pierre Larouche, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
• 1955 – Héctor Cúper, Argentinian footballer, coach, and manager
• 1955 – Jun Kunimura, Japanese actor
• 1956 – Terry Labonte, American race car driver and businessman
• 1957 – Jacques Gamblin, French actor
• 1958 – Marg Helgenberger, American actress
• 1958 – Boris Krivokapić, Serbian author and academic
• 1959 – Glenda Bailey, English journalist
• 1959 – Francis M. Fesmire, American cardiologist and physician (d. 2014)
• 1961 – Frank Bruno, English boxer
• 1962 – Darwyn Cooke, Canadian writer and artist (d. 2016)
• 1962 – Mani, English bass player
• 1963 – Steve Argüelles, English drummer and producer
• 1963 – William Bonner, Brazilian newscaster, publicist and journalist
• 1963 – Zina Garrison, American tennis player
• 1964 – Waheed Alli, Baron Alli, English businessman and politician
• 1964 – Valeria Bruni Tedeschi, Italian-French actress, director, and screenwriter
• 1964 – Dwight Gooden, American baseball player^[11]
• 1964 – Diana Krall, Canadian singer-songwriter and pianist
• 1964 – Maeve Quinlan, American actress
• 1965 – Mika Aaltonen, Finnish footballer
• 1966 – Joey Cape, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1966 – Stephen Critchlow, English actor
• 1966 – Dave Kushner, American guitarist
• 1966 – Christian Lorenz, German keyboard player
• 1966 – Dean McDermott, Canadian-American actor and producer
• 1966 – Tahir Shah, English journalist, author, and explorer
• 1967 – Craig Arnold, American poet and academic (d. 2009)
• 1967 – Lisa Bonet, American actress and director
• 1968 – Shobha Nagi Reddy, Indian politician (d. 2014)
• 1968 – Melvin Stewart, American swimmer
• 1970 – Logan Mader, Canadian-American guitarist and producer
• 1970 – Martha Plimpton, American actress
• 1971 – Tanja Damaske, German javelin thrower and shot putter
• 1971 – Mustapha Hadji, Moroccan footballer and manager
• 1971 – Annely Peebo, Estonian soprano and actress
• 1971 – Alexander Popov, Russian swimmer and coach
• 1971 – Waqar Younis, Pakistani cricketer and coach
• 1972 – Missi Pyle, American actress and singer
• 1973 – Christian Horner, English race car driver and manager
• 1973 – Brendan Laney, New Zealand-Scottish rugby player and sportscaster
• 1974 – Maurizio Margaglio, Italian ice dancer and coach
• 1974 – Paul Scholes, English footballer and sportscaster
• 1975 – Julio Lugo, Dominican baseball player
• 1975 – Yuki Uchida, Japanese actress, model, and singer
• 1976 – Dan Black, English singer-songwriter
• 1976 – Juha Pasoja, Finnish footballer
• 1976 – Martijn Zuijdweg, Dutch swimmer
• 1977 – Oksana Baiul, Ukrainian-American figure skater
• 1977 – Gigi Edgley, Australian singer-songwriter and actress
• 1977 – Maggie Gyllenhaal, American actress and singer
• 1977 – Mauricio Ochmann, Mexican actor and producer
• 1978 – Kip Bouknight, American baseball player
• 1978 – Mehtap Doğan-Sızmaz, Turkish runner
• 1978 – Takashi Nagayama, Japanese actor
• 1978 – Gary Naysmith, Scottish footballer and manager
• 1978 – Carolina Parra, Brazilian guitarist and drummer
• 1979 – Tony Frias, American soccer player
• 1979 – Bruce Irons, American surfer
• 1980 – Moris Carrozzieri, Italian footballer
• 1980 – Kayte Christensen, American basketball player
• 1980 – Nicole Gius, Italian skier
• 1980 – Carol Huynh, Canadian wrestler
• 1980 – Hasan Üçüncü, Turkish footballer
• 1981 – Fernando Cabrera, Puerto Rican baseball player
• 1981 – Allison Crowe, Canadian singer-songwriter
• 1981 – Caitlin Glass, American voice actress, singer, and director
• 1981 – Kate Miller-Heidke, Australian singer-songwriter
• 1981 – Osi Umenyiora, English-American football player
• 1982 – Nonito Donaire, Filipino-American boxer
• 1982 – Jannie du Plessis, South African rugby player
• 1982 – Ronald Pognon, French sprinter
• 1982 – Amar'e Stoudemire, American basketball player
• 1983 – Chris Gocong, American football player
• 1983 – Kool A.D., American rapper
• 1983 – Kari Lehtonen, Finnish ice hockey player
• 1983 – Britta Steffen, German swimmer
• 1984 – Gemma Atkinson, English model and actress
• 1984 – Mark Bunn, English footballer
• 1984 – Tamawashi Ichiro, Mongolian sumo wrestler
• 1985 – Aditya Roy Kapur, Indian film actor
• 1986 – Aleksei Anatolyevich Kozlov, Russian footballer
• 1986 – Maxime Médard, French rugby player
• 1987 – Eitan Tibi, Israeli footballer
• 1987 – Jordan Walden, American baseball player
• 1989 – Iamsu!, American rapper and producer
• 1990 – Arjo Atayde, Filipino actor
• 1990 – Dénes Dibusz, Hungarian football player
• 1991 – Tomomi Kasai, Japanese actress and singer
• 1992 – George Akpabio, Nigerian footballer
• 1992 – Matthew Allwood, Australian rugby league player
• 1993 – Pete Davidson, American comedian and actor
• 1994 – Brandon Larracuente, American actor
• 1994 – Yoshiki Yamamoto, Japanese football player
• 1995 – Noah Gray-Cabey, American actor and pianist
• 2006 – Mason Ramsey, American singer-songwriter