ΕVENTS OF THIS DAY IN THE PAST. 7/3

• 161 – Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by his adoptive sons Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.
• 238 – Roman subjects in the province of Africa revolt against Maximinus Thrax and elect Gordian I as emperor.
• 321 – Emperor Constantine I decrees that the dies Solis Invicti (sun-day) is the day of rest in the Empire.
• 1277 – Stephen Tempier, bishop of Paris, condemns 219 philosophical and theological theses.
• 1573 – A peace treaty is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, ending the Ottoman–Venetian War and leaving Cyprus in Ottoman hands.
• 1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.
• 1814 – Emperor Napoleon I of France wins the Battle of Craonne.
• 1827 – Brazilian marines unsuccessfully attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones, Argentina.
• 1827 – Shrigley abduction: Ellen Turner is abducted by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, a future politician in colonial New Zealand.
• 1850 – Senator Daniel Webster gives his "Seventh of March" speech endorsing the Compromise of 1850 in order to prevent a possible civil war.
• 1862 – American Civil War: Union forces engage Confederate troops at the Pea Ridge in northwestern Arkansas.
• 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for an invention he calls the "telephone".
• 1900 – The German liner SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse becomes the first ship to send wireless signals to shore.
• 1902 – Second Boer War: Boers, led by Koos de la Rey, inflict the biggest defeat upon the British since the beginning of the war, at Tweebosch.
• 1914 – Prince William of Wied arrives in Albania to begin his reign as King.
• 1936 – Prelude to World War II: In violation of the Locarno Pact and the Treaty of Versailles, Germany reoccupies the Rhineland.
• 1941 – Günther Prien and the crew of German submarine U-47, one of the most successful U-boats of World War II, disappear without a trace.^[1]
• 1945 – World War II: American troops seize the Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine river at Remagen.
• 1950 – Cold War: The Soviet Union issues a statement denying that Klaus Fuchs served as a Soviet spy.
• 1951 – Korean War: Operation Ripper: United Nations troops led by General Matthew Ridgway begin an assault against Chinese forces.
• 1951 – In a mosque in Tehran president Ali Razmara was shot by and Islamic fundamentalists of  Fedayan I-Islam.
• 1965 – Bloody Sunday: A group of 600 civil rights marchers is brutally attacked by state and local police in Selma, Alabama.
• 1967 – The Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara (MPRS), Indonesia's provisional parliament, revoked Sukarno's mandate as President of Indonesia.
• 1968 – Vietnam War: The United States and South Vietnamese military begin Operation Truong Cong Dinh to root out Viet Cong forces from the area surrounding Mỹ Tho.
• 1971 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, political leader of then East Pakistan (present day-Bangladesh), delivers his historic 7th March speech in the Racecourse Field (Now Suhrawardy Udyan) in Dhaka.
• 1986 – Challenger Disaster: Divers from the USS Preserver locate the crew cabin of Challenger on the ocean floor.
• 1987 – Lieyu massacre: Taiwanese military massacre of 19 unarmed Vietnamese refugees at Donggang, Lieyu, Kinmen.
• 1989 – Iran and the United Kingdom break diplomatic relations after a fight over Salman Rushdie and his controversial novel, The Satanic Verses.
• 1993 – The tugboat Thomas Hebert sank off the coast of New Jersey, USA.
• 2006 – The terrorist organisation Lashkar-e-Taiba coordinates a series of bombings in Varanasi, India.
• 2007 – The British House of Commons votes to make the upper chamber, the House of Lords, 100% elected.
• 2009 – The Real Irish Republican Army kills two British soldiers and injures two other soldiers and two civilians at Massereene Barracks, the first British military deaths in Northern Ireland since the end of The Troubles.

• 189 – Publius Septimius Geta, Roman emperor (d. 211)
• 942 – Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, Buyid emir (d. 983)
• 1437 – Anna of Saxony, Electress of Brandenburg (d. 1512)
• 1481 – Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (d. 1537)
• 1482 – Fray Thomas de San Martín, Roman Catholic prelate and bishop (d. 1555)
• 1543 – John Casimir of the Palatinate-Simmern, German prince and reigning count palatine of Simmern (d. 1592)
• 1556 – Guillaume du Vair, French lawyer and author (d. 1621)
• 1671 – Rob Roy MacGregor, Scottish outlaw (d. 1734)
• 1678 – Filippo Juvarra, Italian architect, designed the Basilica of Superga (d. 1736)
• 1693 – Clement XIII, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1769)
• 1715 – Ewald Christian von Kleist, German soldier and poet (d. 1759)
• 1723 – Prince Vittorio Amedeo Theodore of Savoy (d. 1725)
• 1730 – Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, French soldier and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1807)
• 1765 – Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor, invented photography (d. 1833)
• 1785 – Alessandro Manzoni, Italian author and poet (d. 1873)
• 1788 – Antoine César Becquerel, French physicist and biochemist (d. 1878)
• 1792 – John Herschel, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1871)
• 1811 – Increase A. Lapham, American botanist and author (d. 1875)
• 1837 – Henry Draper, American physician and astronomer (d. 1882)
• 1839 – Ludwig Mond, German-born chemist and British industrialist who discovered the metal carbonyls (d. 1909)
• 1841 – William Rockhill Nelson, American businessman and publisher, founded The Kansas City Star (d. 1915)
• 1843 – Marriott Henry Brosius, American senator (d. 1901)
• 1849 – Luther Burbank, American botanist and author (d. 1926)
• 1850 – Champ Clark, American lawyer and politician, 41st Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1921)
• 1850 – Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Austrian-Czech sociologist and politician, 1st President of Czechoslovakia (d. 1937)
• 1857 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)
• 1872 – Piet Mondrian, Dutch-American painter (d. 1944)
• 1873 – Madame Sul-Te-Wan, American actress (d. 1959)
• 1875 – Maurice Ravel, French pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1937)
• 1878 – Boris Kustodiev, Russian painter and stage designer (d. 1927)
• 1885 – Milton Avery, American painter (d. 1965)
• 1885 – John Tovey, 1st Baron Tovey, English admiral (d. 1971)
• 1886 – Virginia Pearson, American actress (d. 1958)
• 1886 – G. I. Taylor, English mathematician and physicist (d. 1975)
• 1886 – Wilson Dallam Wallis, American anthropologist (d. 1970)
• 1888 – William L. Laurence, Lithuanian-American journalist and author (d. 1977)
• 1888 – Alidius Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer, Dutch lawyer and politician, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1978)
• 1894 – Ana María O'Neill, Puerto Rican scholar and activist (d. 1981)
• 1895 – Dorothy de Rothschild, English philanthropist and activist (d. 1988)
• 1902 – Heinz Rühmann, German actor (d. 1994)
• 1903 – Maud Lewis, Canadian folk artist (d. 1970)
• 1904 – Ivar Ballangrud, Norwegian speed skater (d. 1969)
• 1904 – Reinhard Heydrich, German SS officer (d. 1942)
• 1908 – Anna Magnani, Italian actress (d. 1973)
• 1910 – Will Glickman, American playwright (d. 1983)
• 1911 – Sachchidananda Vatsyayan, Indian modern poet, journalist and author (d. 1987)
• 1911 – Stefan Kisielewski, Polish libertarian writer and politician (d. 1991)
• 1912 – Adile Ayda, Turkish engineer and diplomat (d. 1992)
• 1913 – Dollard Ménard, Canadian general (d. 1997)
• 1915 – Jacques Chaban-Delmas, French general and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 2000)
• 1917 – Janet Collins, American ballerina and choreographer (d. 2003)
• 1917 – Betty Holberton, American engineer and programmer (d. 2001)
• 1922 – Olga Ladyzhenskaya, Russian mathematician and academic (d. 2004)
• 1922 – Mochtar Lubis, Indonesian journalist and author (d. 2004)
• 1924 – Morton Bard, American psychologist (d. 1997)
• 1924 – Bill Boedeker, American football player (d. 2014)
• 1925 – Rene Gagnon, American soldier (d. 1979)
• 1925 – Richard Vernon, British actor (d. 1997)
• 1927 – James Broderick, American actor and director (d. 1982)
• 1929 – Dan Jacobson, South African-English author and critic (d. 2014)
• 1930 – Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon, English photographer and politician (d. 2017)
• 1930 – Robert Trotter, Scottish actor and photographer (d. 2013)
• 1933 – Jackie Blanchflower, Northern Irish footballer and accountant (d. 1998)
• 1933 – Ed Bouchee, American baseball player (d. 2013)
• 1934 – Willard Scott, American television personality and actor
• 1936 – Florentino Fernández, Cuban-American boxer and coach (d. 2013)
• 1936 – Georges Perec, French author and screenwriter (d. 1982)
• 1938 – David Baltimore, American biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1939 – Danyel Gérard, French singer-songwriter
• 1940 – Daniel J. Travanti, American actor
• 1941 – Piers Paul Read, English historian and author
• 1942 – Michael Eisner, American businessman
• 1942 – Tammy Faye Messner, American evangelist, television personality, and talk show host (d. 2007)
• 1943 – Chris White, English singer-songwriter and bass player
• 1944 – Ranulph Fiennes, English soldier and explorer
• 1944 – Townes Van Zandt, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1997)
• 1945 – Bob Herbert, American journalist
• 1945 – Arthur Lee, American singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2006)
• 1945 – Elizabeth Moon, American lieutenant and author
• 1946 – Matthew Fisher, English keyboard player, songwriter, and record producer
• 1946 – John Heard, American actor and producer (d. 2017)
• 1946 – Peter Wolf, American singer-songwriter and musician
• 1947 – Helen Eadie, Scottish politician (d. 2013)
• 1947 – Walter Röhrl, German race car driver
• 1949 – Ghulam Nabi Azad, Indian politician, Indian Minister of Health and Family Welfare
• 1949 – Rex Hunt, Australian television and radio personality
• 1950 – Billy Joe DuPree, American football player
• 1950 – Franco Harris, American football player and businessman
• 1950 – J. R. Richard, American baseball player and minister
• 1952 – William Boyd, Ghanaian-English author and screenwriter
• 1952 – Ernie Isley, American guitarist and songwriter
• 1952 – Viv Richards, Antiguan cricketer and footballer
• 1952 – Lynn Swann, American football player, sportscaster, and politician
• 1954 – Eva Brunne, Swedish bishop
• 1955 – Tommy Kramer, American football player
• 1956 – Bryan Cranston, American actor, director, and producer
• 1956 – Andrea Levy, English author (d. 2019)
• 1957 – Robert Harris, English journalist and author
• 1957 – Mark Richards, Australian surfer
• 1957 – Tomás Yarrington, Mexican economist and politician, Governor of Tamaulipas
• 1958 – Rick Bass, American author and environmentalist
• 1958 – Rik Mayall, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter (d. 2014)
• 1958 – Merv Neagle, Australian footballer and coach (d. 2012)
• 1959 – Tom Lehman, American golfer
• 1959 – Donna Murphy, American actress and singer
• 1960 – Joe Carter, American baseball player and sportscaster
• 1960 – Ivan Lendl, Czech tennis player and coach
• 1960 – Jim Spivey, American runner and coach
• 1961 – David Rutley, English businessman and politician
• 1961 – Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, French politician
• 1962 – Taylor Dayne, American singer-songwriter and actress
• 1963 – Mike Eagles, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
• 1963 – E. L. James, English author
• 1964 – Bret Easton Ellis, American author and screenwriter
• 1964 – Wanda Sykes, American comedian, actress, and screenwriter
• 1965 – Steve Beuerlein, American football player and sportscaster
• 1965 – Jesper Parnevik, Swedish golfer
• 1966 – Terry Carkner, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
• 1966 – Tony Daly, Australian rugby player
• 1967 – Muhsin al-Ramli, Iraqi author, poet, translator, and academic
• 1967 – Ruthie Henshall, English actress, singer, and dancer
• 1967 – Ai Yazawa, Japanese author and illustrator
• 1968 – Jeff Kent, American baseball player
• 1969 – Massimo Lotti, Italian footballer
• 1969 – Hideki Noda, Japanese race car driver
• 1970 – Rachel Weisz, English-American actress and producer
• 1971 – Peter Sarsgaard, American actor
• 1971 – Matthew Vaughn, English director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1972 – Craig Polla-Mounter, Australian rugby league player
• 1973 – Jason Bright, Australian race car driver
• 1973 – Sébastien Izambard, French tenor and producer
• 1973 – Işın Karaca, English-Turkish singer-songwriter, producer, and actress
• 1974 – Jenna Fischer, American actress
• 1974 – Facundo Sava, Argentinian footballer and manager
• 1977 – Ronan O'Gara, Irish rugby player and coach
• 1977 – Paul Cattermole, British singer and actor
• 1977 – Brent Weeks, American Author
• 1978 – Jaqueline Jesus, Brazilian psychologist and activist
• 1979 – Rodrigo Braña, Argentinian footballer
• 1979 – Amanda Somerville, American singer-songwriter
• 1980 – Murat Boz, Turkish singer-songwriter
• 1980 – Eric Godard, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1980 – Laura Prepon, American actress
• 1981 – Brent Kite, Australian rugby league player^[2]
• 1983 – Manucho, Angolan footballer
• 1983 – Sebastián Viera, Uruguayan footballer
• 1984 – Mathieu Flamini, French footballer
• 1984 – Lindsay McCaul, American singer-songwriter
• 1985 – Andre Fluellen, American football player
• 1985 – Cameron Prosser, Australian swimmer
• 1986 – Ben Griffin, Australian footballer
• 1987 – Hatem Ben Arfa, French footballer
• 1987 – Niclas Bergfors, Swedish ice hockey player
• 1988 – Larry Asante, American football player
• 1991 – Michele Rigione, Italian footballer
• 1995 – Jerome Binnom-Williams, English footballer
• 1996 – Liam Donnelly, Northern Irish footballer

• 161 – Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor (b. 86)
• 413 – Heraclianus, Roman politician and failed usurper
• 851 – Nominoe, King (or duke) of Brittany
• 974 – John of Gorze, Frankish abbot and diplomat
• 1226 – William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English commander (b. 1176)
• 1274 – Saint Thomas Aquinas, Italian priest and philosopher (b. 1225)
• 1393 – Bogislaw VI, Duke of Pomerania (b.c. 1350)
• 1407 – Francesco I Gonzaga, ruler of Mantua
• 1517 – Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (b. 1482)
• 1550 – William IV, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1493)
• 1578 – Margaret Douglas, English daughter of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus (b. 1515)
• 1625 – Johann Bayer, German lawyer and cartographer (b. 1572)
• 1724 – Pope Innocent XIII (b. 1655)
• 1767 – Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, Canadian politician, 2nd Colonial Governor of Louisiana (b. 1680)
• 1778 – Charles De Geer, Swedish entomologist and archaeologist (b. 1720)
• 1809 – Jean-Pierre Blanchard, French inventor, best known as a pioneer in balloon flight (b. 1753)
• 1810 – Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, English admiral (b. 1750)
• 1838 – Robert Townsend, American spy (b. 1753)
• 1897 – Harriet Ann Jacobs, African American Abolitionist and author (b. 1813)^[3]
• 1904 – Ferdinand André Fouqué, French geologist and petrologist (b. 1828)
• 1913 – Pauline Johnson, Canadian poet and author (b. 1861)
• 1920 – Jaan Poska, Estonian lawyer and politician, 1st Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1866)
• 1928 – Robert Abbe, American surgeon and radiologist (b. 1851)
• 1932 – Aristide Briand, French journalist and politician, Prime Minister of France, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
• 1934 – Ernst Enno, Estonian poet and author (b. 1875)
• 1938 – Andreas Michalakopoulos, Greek politician, 116th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1876)
• 1947 – Lucy Parsons, American communist anarchist labor organizer (b. c 1853)
• 1949 – Bradbury Robinson, American football player, physician, and politician (b. 1884)^[4]
• 1952 – Paramahansa Yogananda, Indian guru and philosopher (b. 1893)
• 1954 – Otto Diels, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1876)
• 1957 – Wyndham Lewis, English painter and critic (b. 1882)
• 1961 – Govind Ballabh Pant, Indian lawyer and politician, 2nd Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (b. 1887)
• 1967 – Alice B. Toklas, American writer (b. 1877)
• 1971 – Richard Montague, American mathematician and philosopher (b. 1930)
• 1975 – Mikhail Bakhtin, Russian philosopher and critic (b. 1895)
• 1976 – Wright Patman, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (b. 1893)
• 1981 – Kirill Kondrashin, Russian conductor (b. 1914)
• 1982 – Ida Barney, American astronomer, mathematician, and academic (b. 1886)
• 1983 – Igor Markevitch, Ukrainian conductor and composer (b. 1912)
• 1986 – Jacob K. Javits, American colonel and politician, 58th New York State Attorney General (b. 1904)
• 1988 – Divine, American drag queen and film actor (b. 1945)
• 1991 – Cool Papa Bell, American baseball player (b. 1903)
• 1993 – Tony Harris, South African cricketer (b. 1916)
• 1993 – J. Merrill Knapp, American musicologist (b. 1914)
• 1993 – Martti Larni, Finnish writer (b. 1909)
• 1993 – Carlo Mazzarella, Italian actor and journalist (b. 1919)
• 1993 – Angelo Piccaluga, Italian footballer (b. 1906)
• 1993 – Eleanor Sanger, American television producer (b. 1929)^[5]
• 1993 – Josef Steindl, Austrian economist (b. 1912)
• 1993 – Frank Wells, Australian rules footballer (b. 1909)
• 1997 – Edward Mills Purcell, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
• 1999 – Sidney Gottlieb, American chemist and theorist (b. 1918)
• 1999 – Stanley Kubrick, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1928)
• 2000 – Pee Wee King, American singer-songwriter (b. 1914)
• 2001 – Frankie Carle, American pianist and bandleader (b. 1903)
• 2004 – Paul Winfield, American actor (b. 1941)
• 2005 – John Box, English production designer and art director (b. 1920)
• 2005 – Debra Hill, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1950)
• 2006 – Gordon Parks, American photographer, director, and composer (b. 1912)
• 2006 – Ali Farka Touré, Malian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1939)
• 2007 – Ronnie Wells, American singer and educator (b. 1943)
• 2012 – Ravi, Indian director and composer (b. 1926)
• 2012 – Włodzimierz Smolarek, Polish footballer and manager (b. 1957)
• 2013 – Peter Banks, English guitarist and songwriter (b. 1947)
• 2013 – Sybil Christopher, Welsh actress (b. 1929)
• 2013 – Damiano Damiani, Italian director and screenwriter (b. 1922)
• 2013 – Frederick B. Karl, American lieutenant and politician (b. 1924)
• 2013 – Claude King, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1923)
• 2014 – Anatoly Borisovich Kuznetsov, Russian actor and director (b. 1930)
• 2014 – Ned O'Gorman, American poet and educator (b. 1929)
• 2014 – Victor Shem-Tov, Israeli lawyer and politician, 8th Israeli Minister of Health (b. 1915)
• 2015 – G. Karthikeyan, Indian lawyer and politician (b. 1949)
• 2015 – F. Ray Keyser, Jr., American lawyer and politician, 72nd Governor of Vermont (b. 1927)
• 2015 – Yoshihiro Tatsumi, Japanese author and illustrator (b. 1935)
• 2016 – Adrian Hardiman, Irish lawyer and judge (b. 1951)
• 2017 – Lynne Stewart, American attorney and activist (b. 1939)