1192 Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the de facto ruler of Japan. (Traditional Japanese date: July 12, 1192)
1703 The Edirne Event: Turkish army removes Sultan Mustafa II, lessening the power of the sultans
1772 King Gustav III of Sweden completes a coup d'etat by adopting a new Constitution and installing himself as an enlightened despot, ending 50 years of parliamentary rule
1888 American inventor William Seward Burroughs patents the adding machine
1911 "Mona Lisa" stolen from the Louvre by Vincenzo Perugia (Recovered in 1913)
1959 Hawaii becomes the 50th US state
1991 Conservative coup in the Soviet Union is crushed by popular resistance led by Boris Yeltsin in three days
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