EVENTS OF THIS DAY IN THE PAST 25/1

[edit]

• 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate.
• 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to overthrow of the dynasty.
• 1348 – A strong earthquake strikes the South Alpine region of Friuli in modern Italy, causing considerable damage to buildings as far away as Rome.
• 1494 – Alfonso II becomes King of Naples.
• 1515 – Coronation of Francis I of France.
• 1533 – Henry VIII of England secretly marries his second wife Anne Boleyn.
• 1554 – Founding of São Paulo city, Brazil.
• 1573 – Battle of Mikatagahara: In Japan, Takeda Shingen defeats Tokugawa Ieyasu.
• 1575 – Luanda, the capital of Angola, is founded by the Portuguese navigator Paulo Dias de Novais.
• 1704 – The Battle of Ayubale results in the destruction of most of the Spanish missions in Florida.
• 1755 – Moscow University is established on Tatiana Day.
• 1765 – Port Egmont, the first British settlement in the Falkland Islands at the southern tip of South America, is founded.
• 1787 – Shays's Rebellion: The rebellion's largest confrontation, outside the Springfield Armory, results in the killing of four rebels and the wounding of twenty.
• 1791 – The British Parliament passes the Constitutional Act of 1791 and splits the old Province of Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada.
• 1792 – The London Corresponding Society is founded.
• 1858 – The Wedding March by Felix Mendelssohn is played at the marriage of Queen Victoria's daughter, Victoria, and Friedrich of Prussia, and becomes a popular wedding processional.
• 1879 – The Bulgarian National Bank is founded.
• 1881 – Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company.
• 1890 – Nellie Bly completes her round-the-world journey in 72 days.
• 1909 – Richard Strauss's opera Elektra receives its debut performance at the Dresden State Opera.
• 1915 – Alexander Graham Bell inaugurates U.S. transcontinental telephone service, speaking from New York to Thomas Watson in San Francisco.
• 1918 – Ukraine declares independence from Bolshevik Russia.
• 1924 – The 1924 Winter Olympics opens in Chamonix, in the French Alps, inaugurating the Winter Olympic Games.
• 1932 – Second Sino-Japanese War: The Chinese National Revolutionary Army begins its defense of Harbin.
• 1937 – The Guiding Light debuts on NBC radio from Chicago. In 1952 it moves to CBS television, where it remains until September 18, 2009.
• 1941 – Pope Pius XII elevates the Apostolic Vicariate of the Hawaiian Islands to the dignity of a diocese. It becomes the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu.
• 1942 – World War II: Thailand declares war on the United States and United Kingdom.
• 1944 – Florence Li Tim-Oi is ordained in China, becoming the first woman Anglican priest.
• 1945 – World War II: The Battle of the Bulge ends.
• 1946 – The United Mine Workers rejoins the American Federation of Labor.
• 1947 – Thomas Goldsmith Jr. files a patent for a "Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device", the first ever electronic game.
• 1949 – At the Hollywood Athletic Club the first Emmy Awards are presented.
• 1955 – The Soviet Union ends the state of war with Germany.
• 1960 – The National Association of Broadcasters reacts to the "payola" scandal by threatening fines for any disc jockeys who accept money for playing particular records.
• 1961 – In Washington, D.C., President John F. Kennedy delivers the first live presidential television news conference.
• 1969 – Brazilian Army captain Carlos Lamarca deserts in order to fight against the military dictatorship, taking with him ten machine guns and 63 rifles.
• 1971 – Charles Manson and three female "Family" members are found guilty of the 1969 Tate–LaBianca murders.
• 1971 – Idi Amin leads a coup deposing Milton Obote and becomes Uganda's president.
• 1979 – Pope John Paul II starts his first official papal visits outside Italy to The Bahamas, Dominican Republic and Mexico.
• 1980 – Mother Teresa is honored with India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna
• 1981 – Jiang Qing, the widow of Mao Zedong, is sentenced to death.
• 1986 – The National Resistance Movement topples the government of Tito Okello in Uganda.
• 1990 – Avianca Flight 52 crashes into Cove Neck, New York due to fuel exhaustion.
• 1993 – Five people are shot outside the CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia. Two are killed and three wounded.
• 1994 – The Clementine space probe launches.
• 1995 – The Norwegian rocket incident: Russia almost launches a nuclear attack after it mistakes Black Brant XII, a Norwegian research rocket, for a US Trident missile.
• 1996 – Billy Bailey becomes the last person to be hanged in the USA.
• 1998 – During a historic visit to Cuba, Pope John Paul II demands political reforms and the release of political prisoners while condemning US attempts to isolate the country.
• 1998 – A suicide attack by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam on Sri Lanka's Temple of the Tooth kills eight and injures 25 others.
• 1999 – A 6.0 Richter scale earthquake hits western Colombia killing at least 1,000.
• 2003 – Invasion of Iraq: A group of people leave London, England, for Baghdad, Iraq, to serve as human shields, intending to prevent the U.S.-led coalition troops from bombing certain locations.
• 2004 – Opportunity rover (MER-B) lands on surface of Mars.
• 2005 – A stampede at the Mandhradevi temple in Maharashtra, India kills at least 258.
• 2006 – Three independent observing campaigns announce the discovery of OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb through gravitational microlensing, the first cool rocky/icy extrasolar planet around a main-sequence star.
• 2006 – Mexican professional wrestler Juana Barraza is arrested in connection with the serial killing of at least ten elderly women.
• 2010 – Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409 crashes into the Mediterranean. All 90 passengers and crew were killed.
• 2011 – The first wave of the Egyptian revolution begins in Egypt, with a series of street demonstrations, marches, rallies, acts of civil disobedience, riots, labour strikes, and violent clashes in Cairo, Alexandria, and throughout other cities in Egypt.
• 2013 – At least 50 people are killed and 120 people are injured in a prison riot in Barquisimeto, Venezuela.
• 2015 – A clash in Mamasapano, Maguindanao in the Philippines killing 44 members of Special Action Force (SAF), at least 18 from Moro Islamic Liberation Front and five from Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters.

Births[edit]

• 17 – Messalina, Roman wife of Claudius (d. 48)
• 750 – Leo IV the Khazar, Byzantine emperor (d. 780)
• 1459 – Paul Hofhaimer, Austrian organist and composer (d. 1537)
• 1477 – Anne of Brittany (d. 1514)
• 1509 – Giovanni Morone, Italian cardinal (d. 1580)
• 1615 – Govert Flinck, Dutch painter (d. 1660)
• 1627 – Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish chemist and physicist (d. 1691)
• 1634 – Gaspar Fagel, Dutch politician and diplomat (d. 1688)
• 1640 – William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire, English soldier and politician; Lord Steward of the Household (d. 1707)
• 1688 – Juraj Jánošík, Slovak criminal (d. 1713)
• 1736 – Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Italian-French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1813)
• 1739 – Charles François Dumouriez, French general and politician; French Minister of Defence (d. 1823)
• 1743 – Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, German philosopher and author (d. 1819)
• 1750 – Johann Gottfried Vierling, German organist and composer (d. 1813)
• 1755 – Paolo Mascagni, Italian physician and anatomist (d. 1815)
• 1759 – Robert Burns, Scottish poet and songwriter (d. 1796)
• 1777 – Karoline Jagemann, German actress and singer (d. 1848)
• 1783 – William Colgate, English-American businessman and philanthropist; founded Colgate-Palmolive (d. 1857)
• 1794 – François-Vincent Raspail, French chemist, physician, physiologist, and lawyer (d. 1878)
• 1796 – William MacGillivray, Scottish ornithologist and biologist (d. 1852)
• 1813 – J. Marion Sims, American gynecologist and physician (d. 1883)
• 1822 – Charles Reed Bishop, American businessman, philanthropist, and politician; founded Bishop Museum (d. 1915)
• 1822 – William McDougall, Canadian lawyer and politician; Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories (d. 1905)
• 1824 – Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Indian poet and playwright (d. 1873)
• 1841 – John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher, Sri Lankan-English admiral (d. 1920)
• 1858 – Mikimoto Kōkichi, Japanese businessman (d. 1954)
• 1860 – Charles Curtis, American lawyer and politician; 31st Vice President of the United States (d. 1936)
• 1864 – Julije Kempf, Croatian historian and author (d. 1934)
• 1868 – Juventino Rosas, Mexican violinist and composer (d. 1894)
• 1874 – W. Somerset Maugham, British playwright, novelist, and short story writer (d. 1965)
• 1878 – Ernst Alexanderson, Swedish-American engineer (d. 1975)
• 1882 – Virginia Woolf, English novelist, essayist, short story writer, and critic (d. 1941)
• 1885 – Kitahara Hakushū, Japanese poet and author (d. 1942)
• 1886 – Wilhelm Furtwängler, German conductor and composer (d. 1954)
• 1886 – Morgan Russell, American painter (d. 1953)
• 1895 – Florence Mills, American singer, dancer, and actress (d. 1927)
• 1899 – Sleepy John Estes, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1977)
• 1899 – Paul-Henri Spaak, Belgian politician, 46th Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1972)
• 1900 – István Fekete, Hungarian author (d. 1970)
• 1900 – Yōjirō Ishizaka, Japanese author and educator (d. 1986)
• 1905 – Maurice Roy, Canadian cardinal (d. 1985)
• 1905 – Margery Sharp, English author (d. 1991)
• 1906 – Toni Ulmen, German racing driver and motorcycle racer (d. 1976)
• 1910 – Edgar V. Saks, Estonian historian, author, and politician; Estonian Minister of Education (d. 1984)
• 1913 – Huang Hua, Chinese translator and politician; 5th Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China (d. 2010)
• 1913 – Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer and conductor (d. 1994)
• 1913 – Luis Marden, American photographer and journalist (d. 2003)
• 1915 – Ewan MacColl, English singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (d. 1989)
• 1917 – Ilya Prigogine, Russian-Belgian chemist and physicist; Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)
• 1917 – Jânio Quadros, Brazilian politician; 22nd President of Brazil (d. 1992)
• 1917 – Paul Rowe, Canadian football player (d. 1990)
• 1918 – Ernie Harwell, American sportscaster (d. 2010)
• 1919 – Edwin Newman, American journalist and author (d. 2010)
• 1921 – Samuel T. Cohen, American physicist and academic (d. 2010)
• 1923 – Arvid Carlsson, Swedish pharmacologist and physician; Nobel Prize laureate
• 1923 – Shirley Ardell Mason, American psychiatric patient upon whom a novel and two television miniseries were based (d. 1998)
• 1923 – Jean Taittinger, French politician; French Minister of Justice (d. 2012)
• 1924 – Husein Mehmedov, Bulgarian-Turkish wrestler (d. 2014)
• 1925 – Giorgos Zampetas, Greek bouzouki player and songwriter (d. 1992)
• 1927 – Antônio Carlos Jobim, Brazilian singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1994)
• 1927 – Gregg Palmer, American actor (d. 2015)
• 1928 – Jérôme Choquette, Canadian lawyer and politician
• 1928 – Eduard Shevardnadze, Georgian general and politician, 2nd President of Georgia (d. 2014)
• 1928 – Cor van der Hart, Dutch footballer and manager (d. 2006)
• 1929 – Elizabeth Allen, American actress and singer (d. 2006)
• 1929 – Robert Faurisson, English-French author and academic
• 1929 – Benny Golson, American saxophonist and composer
• 1930 – Tanya Savicheva, Russian author (d. 1944)
• 1931 – Dean Jones, American actor and singer (d. 2015)
• 1933 – Corazon Aquino, Filipino politician, 11th President of the Philippines (d. 2009)
• 1934 – Mimi Kok, Dutch actress and singer (d. 2014)
• 1935 – Conrad Burns, American soldier, journalist, and politician
• 1935 – António Ramalho Eanes, Portuguese general and politician; 16th President of Portugal
• 1935 – J. G. Farrell, Anglo-Irish author (d. 1979)
• 1936 – Diana Hyland, American actress (d. 1977)
• 1936 – Onat Kutlar, Turkish author and poet (d. 1995)
• 1937 – Ange-Félix Patassé, Central African engineer and politician; President of the Central African Republic (d. 2011)
• 1938 – Shotaro Ishinomori, Japanese author and illustrator (d. 1998)
• 1938 – Etta James, American singer-songwriter (d. 2012)
• 1938 – Leiji Matsumoto, Japanese author, illustrator, and animator
• 1938 – Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter, actor, and poet (d. 1980)
• 1939 – Gabriel Romanus, Swedish politician
• 1941 – Buddy Baker, American race car driver and sportscaster (d. 2015)
• 1941 – Gregory Sierra, American actor
• 1942 – Eusébio, Mozambican-Portuguese footballer (d. 2014)
• 1942 – Kenichi Shinoda, Japanese mobster
• 1943 – Roy Black, German singer and actor (d. 1991)
• 1943 – Tobe Hooper, American director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1944 – Tōru Emori, Japanese actor, voice actor, and director
• 1945 – John Leslie, American porn actor, director, and producer (d. 2010)
• 1945 – Leigh Taylor-Young, American actress
• 1947 – Tostão, Brazilian footballer, journalist, and physician
• 1947 – Ángel Nieto, Spanish motorcycle racer
• 1948 – Ros Kelly, Australian educator and politician; 1st Australian Minister for Defence Science and Personnel
• 1948 – Georgy Shishkin, Russian painter and illustrator
• 1949 – John Cooper Clarke, English poet and critic
• 1949 – Paul Nurse, English geneticist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1950 – Gloria Naylor, American novelist
• 1951 – Steve Prefontaine, American runner (d. 1975)
• 1951 – Leonid Telyatnikov, Kazakhstani-Ukrainian firefighter (d. 2004)
• 1952 – Sara Mandiano, French singer-songwriter
• 1952 – Peter Tatchell, Australian-English journalist and activist
• 1953 – The Honky Tonk Man, American wrestler and actor
• 1953 – Mark Weil, Russian-Uzbek director and producer (d. 2007)
• 1954 – Ricardo Bochini, Argentinian footballer
• 1954 – Renate Dorrestein, Dutch journalist and author
• 1957 – Eskil Erlandsson, Swedish technologist and politician, Swedish Minister for Rural Affairs
• 1957 – Andrew Harris, American commander, physician, and politician
• 1957 – Jenifer Lewis, American actress and singer
• 1958 – Kavita Krishnamurthy, Indian singer
• 1958 – Dinah Manoff, American actress and director
• 1958 – Franco Pancheri, Italian footballer and manager
• 1958 – Gary Tibbs, English bass player and actor
• 1961 – Vivian Balakrishnan, Singaporean ophthalmologist and politician; Singaporean Ministry of National Development
• 1961 – Willie Revillame, Filipino actor, singer, and game show host
• 1962 – Chris Chelios, American ice hockey player
• 1963 – Fernando Haddad, Brazilian academic and politician; 61st Mayor of São Paulo
• 1963 – Molly Holzschlag, American computer scientist and author
• 1963 – Timo Rautiainen, Finnish singer-songwriter and guitarist (Timo Rautiainen & Trio Niskalaukaus and Lyijykomppania)
• 1965 – Esa Tikkanen, Finnish ice hockey player and coach
• 1966 – Chet Culver, American educator and politician; 41st Governor of Iowa
• 1966 – Yiannos Ioannou, Cypriot footballer and manager
• 1967 – David Ginola, French footballer and actor
• 1968 – Eric Orie, Dutch footballer and manager
• 1969 – Sergei Ovchinnikov, Russian volleyball player and coach (d. 2012)
• 1970 – Stephen Chbosky, American author, screenwriter, and director
• 1971 – Luca Badoer, Italian race car driver
• 1971 – Ana Ortiz, American actress and singer
• 1972 – Shinji Takehara, Japanese boxer
• 1973 – Geoff Johns, American author, screenwriter, and producer
• 1973 – Ace Steel, American wrestler and trainer
• 1974 – Emily Haines, Canadian singer-songwriter and keyboard player
• 1974 – Attilio Nicodemo, Italian footballer
• 1975 – Mia Kirshner, Canadian actress
• 1975 – Tim Montgomery, American runner
• 1975 – Dat Phan, Vietnamese-American comedian and actor
• 1976 – Mário Haberfeld, Brazilian race car driver
• 1976 – Dimitris Nalitzis, Greek footballer
• 1978 – Ahmet Dursun, Turkish footballer
• 1978 – Denis Menchov, Russian cyclist
• 1978 – Charlene, Princess of Monaco
• 1978 – Jason Roberts, English footballer and sportscaster
• 1978 – B.J. Whitmer, American wrestler
• 1979 – Pi Hongyan, Chinese-French badminton player
• 1979 – Christine Lakin, American actress and producer
• 1979 – Rodrigo Ribeiro, Brazilian race car driver
• 1980 – Xavi, Spanish footballer
• 1980 – Michelle McCool, American wrestler and model
• 1980 – Efstathios Tavlaridis, Greek footballer
• 1981 – Charlie Bewley, English actor
• 1981 – Francis Jeffers, English footballer
• 1981 – Alicia Keys, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actress
• 1981 – Clara Morgane, French actress and singer
• 1981 – Toše Proeski, Macedonian singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2007)
• 1982 – Sho Sakurai, Japanese singer-songwriter and actor
• 1984 – Robinho, Brazilian footballer
• 1984 – Stefan Kießling, German footballer
• 1984 – Fara Williams, English footballer
• 1985 – Tina Karol, Ukrainian singer and actress
• 1985 – Acie Law, American basketball player
• 1985 – Michael Trevino, American actor
• 1985 – Patrick Willis, American football player
• 1987 – Maria Kirilenko, Russian tennis player
• 1988 – Tatiana Golovin, French tennis player
• 1988 – Ryota Ozawa, Japanese actor
• 1989 – Sheryfa Luna, French singer and dancer
• 1989 – Mikako Tabe, Japanese actress and singer
• 1989 – Víctor Ruiz Torre, Spanish footballer
• 1990 – Lee Junho, South Korean singer (2PM)
• 1991 – Jared Cowen, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1991 – Nigel Melker, Dutch race car driver
• 1992 – Mayuko Arisue, Japanese model, actress, and entertainer

Deaths[edit]

• 389 – Gregory of Nazianzus, Byzantine archbishop and saint (b. 329)
• 477 – Genseric, Vandals king (b. 389)
• 844 – Pope Gregory IV (b. 827)
• 1067 – Emperor Yingzong of Song (b. 1032)
• 1366 – Henry Suso, German priest and mystic (b. 1300)
• 1431 – Charles II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1364)
• 1494 – Ferdinand I of Naples (b. 1423)
• 1559 – Christian II of Denmark (b. 1481)
• 1578 – Mihrimah Sultan, Ottoman daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent (b. 1522)
• 1586 – Lucas Cranach the Younger, German painter (b. 1515)
• 1640 – Robert Burton, English physician and scholar (b. 1577)
• 1670 – Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1612)
• 1726 – Guillaume Delisle, French cartographer (b. 1675)
• 1733 – Sir Gilbert Heathcote, 1st Baronet, English banker and politician, Lord Mayor of London (b. 1652)
• 1751 – Paul Dudley, American lawyer, jurist, and politician (b. 1675)
• 1852 – Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Russian admiral, cartographer, and explorer (b. 1778)
• 1881 – Konstantin Thon, Russian architect; designed the Grand Kremlin Palace and Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (b. 1794)
• 1884 – Périclès Pantazis, Greek-Belgian painter (b. 1849)
• 1907 – René Pottier, French cyclist (b. 1879)
• 1908 – Ouida, English-Italian author (b. 1839)
• 1908 – Mikhail Chigorin, Russian chess player (b. 1850)
• 1912 – Dmitry Milyutin, Russian field marshal and politician (b. 1816)
• 1925 – Juan Vucetich, Croatian-Argentinian anthropologist and police officer (b. 1858)
• 1940 – Elias Simojoki, Finnish priest and activist (b. 1899)
• 1947 – Al Capone, American mob boss (b. 1899)
• 1949 – Makino Nobuaki, Japanese politician; 15th Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs (b. 1861)
• 1954 – M. N. Roy, Indian activist and theorist (b. 1887)
• 1957 – Ichizō Kobayashi, Japanese businessman, founded Hankyu Hanshin Holdings (b. 1873)
• 1957 – Kiyoshi Shiga, Japanese physician and bacteriologist (b. 1871)
• 1958 – Cemil Topuzlu, Turkish surgeon and politician; Mayor of Istanbul (b. 1866)
• 1960 – Diana Barrymore, American actress (b. 1921)
• 1970 – Jane Bathori, French soprano (b. 1877)
• 1970 – Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese director and producer (b. 1901)
• 1971 – Barry III, Guinean lawyer and politician (b. 1923)
• 1972 – Erhard Milch, German field marshal (b. 1892)
• 1978 – Skender Kulenović, Bosnian author, poet, and playwright (b. 1910)
• 1981 – Adele Astaire, American dancer (b. 1897)
• 1982 – Mikhail Suslov, Russian economist and politician (b. 1902)
• 1985 – Ilias Iliou, Greek jurist and politician (b. 1904)
• 1988 – Colleen Moore, American actress (b. 1899)
• 1990 – Ava Gardner, American actress and singer (b. 1922)
• 1994 – Stephen Cole Kleene, American mathematician, computer scientist, and academic (b. 1909)
• 1996 – Jonathan Larson, American playwright and composer (b. 1960)
• 1999 – Robert Shaw, American conductor (b. 1916)
• 2003 – Ina Clough, English actress (b. 1920)
• 2003 – Sheldon Reynolds, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1923)
• 2004 – Fanny Blankers-Koen, Dutch runner and hurdler (b. 1918)
• 2004 – Miklós Fehér, Hungarian footballer (b. 1979)
• 2004 – Zurab Sakandelidze, Georgian basketball player (b. 1945)
• 2005 – Stanisław Albinowski, Polish economist and journalist (b. 1923)
• 2005 – Philip Johnson, American architect; designed the PPG Place and Crystal Cathedral (b. 1906)
• 2005 – Manuel Lopes, Cape Verdean author and poet (b. 1907)
• 2005 – Ray Peterson, American singer (b. 1935)
• 2005 – Netti Witziers-Timmer, Dutch runner (b. 1923)
• 2006 – Anna Malle, American actress (b. 1967)
• 2008 – Christopher Allport, American actor (b. 1947)
• 2009 – Eleanor F. Helin, American astronomer (b. 1932)
• 2009 – Ewald Kooiman, Dutch organist and educator (b. 1938)
• 2009 – Kim Manners, American director and producer (b. 1951)
• 2010 – Ali Hassan al-Majid, Iraqi general and politician, Iraqi Minister of Defence (b. 1941)
• 2011 – Vassilis C. Constantakopoulos Greek captain and businessman (b. 1935)
• 2012 – Paavo Berglund, Finnish violinist and conductor (b. 1929)
• 2012 – Jacques Maisonrouge, French businessman (b. 1924)
• 2012 – Franco Pacini, Italian astrophysicist and academic (b. 1939)
• 2013 – Martial Asselin, Canadian lawyer and politician; 25th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (b. 1924)
• 2013 – Irene Koumarianou, Greek actress (b. 1931)
• 2013 – Aase Nordmo Løvberg, Norwegian soprano and actress (b. 1923)
• 2014 – Gyula Sax, Hungarian chess player (b. 1951)
• 2015 – Zulkifli Abdhir, Malaysian terrorist (b. 1966)
• 2015 – Demis Roussos, Greek singer-songwriter and bass player (b. 1946)