1900[edit]
| Early 1900s music trends |
|---|
|
- Violinist and cornetist Helen May Butler's Ladies Military Band begins touring, bucking "stereotypes of the time by showing that women could endure the rigors of touring life and lease enough paying customers to survive in the music business".[166]
- The vaudeville musical theater format begins to take shape.[167]
- Symphony Hall is built in Boston.[72]
- The first permanent orchestra is established in Philadelphia.[7]
- J. Rosamond Johnson and James Weldon Johnson compose "Lift Every Voice and Sing", the official anthem of the NAACP.[83]
- Harry Von Tilzer's "A Bird in a Gilded Cage" is released, becoming his "most famous and enduring" composition.[168]
- Amy Cheney Beach becomes the first American woman composer to perform as a soloist on her own work, the Piano Concerto with the Boston Symphony Orchestra.[101]
- Pat Chappelle organizes an African American theater touring company, initially based in Jacksonville, Florida but from 1918 in Port Gibson, Mississippi, to produce musicals, beginning with A Rabbit's Foot. It becomes phenomenally successful, and would go on to employ many of the early African American blues and vaudeville performers, including Bessie Smith and Ma Rainey.[169]
- Fred Stone's "My Ragtime Baby" wins a prize at the Paris Exposition, performed by John Philips Sousa's band. This is the first exposure of ragtime to most Europeans.[170]
- The Bach Choir of Bethlehem begins a series of annual concert festivals presenting the music of Johann Sebastian Bach; these festivals are a "major early stimulus" in the revival of Bach's compositions.[171]
- The first two music education periodicals begin to be issed: School Music and School Music Monthly.[172]
- Steel strings for the guitar are introduced, making the instrument more easily heard in crowded and noisy settings, which helps the guitar spread across the South.[107]
- Florodora, with music and lyrics mostly by Leslie Stuart, becomes the first piece of musical theatre to be recorded by its original cast.[173]
1901[edit]
- Ethelbert Nevin dies shortly after composing "Mighty Lak' a Rose" with lyrics by Frank Lebby Stanton.
- Composer Arthur Farwell founds the Wa-Wan Press in Newton Center, Massachusetts, dedicated to music by American composers using indigenous music.[7][174][175] Its output will become "one of the most important documents of this period of American music history".[176]
- The first African American to publish a collection of original songs is Charles Albert Tindley, a "pivotal figure in the history of black church music".[177][178]
- Bert Williams and George Walker record songs from black musicals. These are the first recordings of African American musicians.[117]
- John Wesley Work II, a professor at Fisk University and the first African American collector of black folk songs, publishes, with his brother, Frederick Jerome Work, New Jubilee Songs as Sun by the Fisk Jubilee Singers.[179]
- The librarian of the Metropolitan Opera House makes the first bootleg recordings, though the practice does not violate copyright due to a lack of protection for sound recordings.[180]
- The first paper label applied to recorded discs is released. Labels of this sort - record labels - identify a brand name given to a series of recordings released by a particular company.[181]
- Carrie Jacobs-Bond (1862–1946) publishes "I Love You Truly" which becomes the first song composed by an American woman to sell 1 million copies.[182] "I Love You Truly" appeared in her Seven Songs as Unpretentious as the Wild Rose. "Just Awearyin' for You" is one of the other songs among the Seven.
1902[edit]
- Charles Ives begins a private career as a composer, forging a new style that was "radically forward-looking in style yet rooted in American musical traditions and celebrating American life."[183] He will become the "most spectacular amateur in musical history".[184]
- Oscar Sonneck becomes head of the Music Division of the Library of Congress. He will do "as much as anyone to shape the directions of musicology in the United States".[25]
- Ma Rainey incorporates blues into her stage show, eventually becoming one of the most famous performers of the genre in the country.[185]
- The Aeolian Company releases the Pianola, the first player piano.[74]
- The American Federation of Musicians accepts its first African American local union, Chicago's Local 208.[117]
- The Dinwiddie Colored Quartet becomes the first known African American group to record on disc, for the Victor Talking Machine Company.[186]
- Louise Adolph Coerne's Zenobia, the Queen of Palmyra is the first American opera successfully produced in Germany.[43]
- An agreement between the Gramophone Company and Enrico Caruso constitutes the first royalty agreement between a record company and a performer.[187]
1903[edit]
- Will Marion Cook's Walker and Williams in Dahomey, with the comic duo George Walker and Bert Williams, is the first black show on Broadway,[188][189] and the "first with an all-black cast".[8][190] Walker and Williams would go on to star in many major productions, and would "revolutionize black theater".[191] Williams will become the first and most important African American performer in vaudeville and on Broadway.[192]
- Enrico Caruso becomes a major star after performing at the Metropolitan Opera in New York.[193] He will be the first internationally renowned performer to realize the full potential of audio recording technology.[194]
- The first permanent orchestra is established in Minneapolis.[7]
- The publication of Francis O'Neill's O'Neill's Music is a milestone in Irish American music history.[195]
- J. Berni Barbour and N. Clark Smith found the "first relatively permanent (African American) music publishing" company, in Chicago; it is also "probably the first black-owned music publishing company in history".[196]
- Wilbur Sweatman and his band record "Maple Leaf Rag" in Minneapolis, Minnesota, becoming the first African American group to record.[197]
- Early music performer and instrument maker Arnold Dolmetsch moves to the United States. His work with the Chickering company is a landmark of American early music performed on period instruments.[171]
- The first recordings of African American music - camp meeting shouts - are made by the Victor Talking Machine Company.[132]
- The first popular recorded song dealing with the subject of death is Theodore F. Morse's and Edward Madden's "Two Little Boys".[198]
- W. C. Handy is in Tutwiler, Mississippi, and hears a blues performance. This inspires his career, and is said to be the first documentation of actual blues and the use of the slide guitar.[199]
1904[edit]
- Composer Arthur Farwell begins transcribing the recordings of Spanish folk songs made by Charles Fletcher Lummis.[174]
- Orchestra Hall is built in Chicago.[72]
- The United Daughters of the Confederacy of Alabama begin working to change the words to "Dixie", to make them more favorable to the Southern cause. The introduction of new versions at the United Confederate Veterans convention caused an uproar and was denounced as sacrilege. Any hope of changing the words ended when the song's author, Daniel Emmett, died eleven days later.[200]
- Afro-British composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor visits the United States, working with his future student, the "most influential composer and propagandist of the Harlem Renaissance", Clarence Cameron White.[83]
- Charles F. Lummis begins making the first recordings of Mexican American music, in California.[201]
- The Estonian Singing Society is founded in San Francisco, becoming the first organization formed to promote Estonian music in the United States.[22]
- Walker and Williams in Dahomey is the first African American musical performed abroad (in London's Shaftesbury Theatre).[186]
- Hazel Harrison is invited to perform at the prestigious Royal Theatre in Berlin. She will become the "first black woman to make a stir in the musical world as a pianist".[202]
- Lee DeForest develops the Audion tube, a technical innovation that lays the groundwork for electrical technologies including amplification and radio broadcasting.[203]
1905[edit]
- Victor Herbert, a popular songwriter, publishes the operetta Mlle. Modiste, which is successful and launches the hit song "Kiss Me Again".[8]
- Most blues performers born before this year generally considered themselves musicians whose repertoire included a wide variety of musical styles; those born later will mostly view themselves as playing a distinct genre.[204]
- The first large-scale Filipino immigration to the United States begins, thus beginning the Filipino American musical tradition.[205]
- Hawaiian music is commercially recorded by Columbia and Victor Records, achieving surprising success throughout the country.[38]
- Arthur Farwell publishes Folk-Songs of the West and South, a collection of songs that include "The Lone Prairee", which Farwell called the first cowboy song to be printed, both words and music".[206]
- Robert Motts founds the first permanent black theater, in Chicago, the Pekin Theatre.[207]
- The Philadelphia Concert Orchestra becomes the first black symphony in the North.[186]
- Ernest Hogan creates a vaudeville act that is the "first syncopated music concert in history".[208] The performers are the Memphis Students, organized by James Reese Europe and later led by Will Marion Cook. The show featured a '"dancing conductor", Will Dixon, who danced rhythms to keep the band performing tightly, and the band's drummer, Buddy Gilmore, used unusual noisemaking devices besides drummers. Unorthodox folk instruments are also used in place of the traditional brass and woodwind lineup. The group was the first to "introduce the concept of the 'singing band' to the entertainment world", and performed in a style now known as barbershop music for some songs.[209]
- Hallie Anderson begins promoting a well-attended Annual Reception and Ball. She is the first major American woman conductor.[210]
- Harvard University grants the first PhD in music in the country.[152]
- A standardized piano roll, capable of being fitted to any model of instrument, is introduced.[30]
1906[edit]
- At a Congressional hearing, John Philips Sousa testifies that the phonograph was discouraging Americans from performing themselves.[211]
- The United Booking Office of America forms to connect theater managers and performers in the eastern United States.[167]
- The Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles, led by William J. Seymour, an integral part of the origin of Holiness-Pentecostal-style gospel music.[178]
- Freddie Keppard becomes bandleader of the Olympia Band, soon becoming one of the most prominent jazz trumpeters in that city. He will later turn down a recording contract, fearing it will make his music too easy to steal; the contract will instead be given to the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, who will become national stars.[212]
- The first African American orchestra in the nation to be incorporated is in Philadelphia.[213]
- The first radio broadcast of music is sent by Reginald A. Fessenden in Brant Rock, Massachusetts.[214]
- The Victor Talking Machine Company releases the Victrola, the most popular gramophone model until the late 1920s.[215] The Victrola is also the first playback machine containing an internal horn.[194] Victor also erects the world's largest illuminated billboard at the time, on Broadway in New York, to advertise the company's records.[216]
- The Gabel Automatic Entertainer is an early jukebox-like machine, the first to play a series of gramophone records.[217]
1907[edit]
- Richard Strauss' Salome premiers in New York at the Metropolitan Opera, to great controversy over the scandalous subject matter.[23]
- Beginning with Franz Lehár's The Merry Widow, light operettas, or comic operas, begin to dominate the theaters of Broadway.[218]
- The Intercolonial Hall on Dudley Street in Boston opens as a social club for Irish Americans and Canadians. It will be one of the preeminent Irish music venues in the country during the mid-20th century.[219]
- Scott Joplin publishes "Gladiolus Rag" with Joseph W. Stern, intending to "reposition ragtime in the sheet music marketplace by playing down its African American roots."[220]
- The battle over cultural ownership of the patriotic song "Dixie" continues, with Southerner William Shakespeare Hays claiming to have written the song in 1858. He is able to convince the Filson Club of Louisville, Kentucky.[221]
- The migration of Japanese-Hawaiians to the mainland United States is banned, preceding a ban on labor emigration in Japan, effectively isolating Japanese Americans on the mainland and in Hawaii, both from each other and from Japan itself.[35]
- Florenz Ziegfeld launches the show that will become known as Ziegfeld's Follies, which "enlarged the scope of entertainment with every kind of extravagant presentation, including current topics, comedy routines, and of course, the ever-present gorgeous girls.[222] It will "set the standard and (break) box-office records".[223]
- Natalie Curtis Burlin publishes The Indians Book, a "definitive collection" of songs that "set the standard for all future musicologists in the study" of Native American music.[224]
- The Music Educators National Conference is founded.[152]
- A Victor Records recording of Enrico Caruso singing "Vesti la Giubba" becomes the first to sell a million copies.[49]
- The Green Mill opens in Chicago. As of 2009, it is the oldest extant nightclub in the city.[225]
1908[edit]
- Arturo Toscanini becomes the conductor of the Metropolitan Opera; he is lauded for "his energy, the command he brought to the podium, his demands for perfection, and his uncanny musical memory."[226]
- Scott Joplin publishes the education School of Ragtime, "a landmark in the development and diffusion of classic ragtime".[158]
- The first black bandmasters are appointed to the U.S. Army, for the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry and the Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Infantry regiments.[186]
- Edward L. Gruber composes "The Caissons Go Rolling Along", which, as "The Army Goes Rolling Along", will become the official song of the U.S. Army.[227]
- Frederick Converse's Iolan, Or, the Pipe of Desire is the first American full opera scores to be published abroad.[43]
- Antonio Maggio's "I Got the Blues" is the first published song to use the word blues.[132]
- N. Howard "Jack" Thorp's Songs of the Cowboys is the first published collection of cowboy music.[228]
- Sound recordings, along with photography and cinematography, are added to the Berne Convention, an international copyright agreement which the United States is not yet a signatory to.[47]
1909[edit]
- The Copyright Act is passed to secure royalties for composers on the sale of recordings and public performances.[229][230] It also required publishers of music to allow mechanical reproduction by anybody if they allow any individual to do so; furthermore, the law is the first in American history to intervene directly into the marketplace by setting a price for the use of private property, requiring payment of two cents to the copyright holder from the creator of each piano roll, recording cylinder and phonograph record.[231][232]
- Charles Wakefield Cadman's "From the Land of the Sky-Blue Water", a classical work using American indigenous musical themes, crosses over and becomes a surprise mainstream success.[7]
- The first African American bandmasters in the American military are appointed; these are Wade Hammond (Ninth Cavalry), Alfred Jack Thomas (Tenth Cavalry), William Polk (Twenty-fourth Infantry) and Egbert Thompson (Twenty-fifth Infantry).[233]
- Kurt Schindler organizes the MacDowell Chorus, soon known as the New York Schola Cantorum, one of the earliest ensembles in the country to gain recognition for performing Renaissance music.[171]
- John Phillips Sousa's operetta, The American Maid, is the first known American stage production to use motion pictures.[43]
- Charles "Doc" Herrold and his wife, Sybil, start the first college radio station.[214]
- The Theater Owners' Booking Agency is founded by the Barasso Brothers, S. H. Dudley and other black theater owner-managers. It will become the primary booking agency for African American performers of the era.[234]
- The first use of the word jazz in print, in reference to dancing.[235]
1910[edit]
- The Clef Club, the first booking agency for African American performers, is formed by James Reese Europe and others.[236][237] Europe would go on to make it into a performing orchestra as well.[186][238]
- Arthur Finlay Nevin's Poia is the first American opera accepted by one of the great European opera houses, the Royal Opera House of Berlin.[239] Later this year, Frederick Converse's Iolan, Or, the Pipe of Desire becomes the first American opera to be performed at the Metropolitan Opera.[43]
- Hazrat Inayat Khan, a vina player, comes to the United States to spread Sufism, of the Chishti order.[240]
- Homer Allen Rodeheaver is hired by Billy Sunday, an influential development in the early history of gospel music. Rodeheaver will be the first gospel artist to record, and will found the first gospel label, Rainbow Records.[241] Music historian Don Cusic has called Rodeheaver the first American chorister perceived as a ladies' man or sex symbol.[242]
- John Lomax publishes a collection of cowboy songs, Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads, a ground-breaking publication that launched his career;[243] he is shortly afterwards elected president of the American Folklore Society.[244] This collection is the first of American folk songs to be printed with the music.[135]
- The Metropolitan Opera performs its first show by an American composer, with Frederick Converse's The Pipe of Desire.[245]
- The Mexican Revolution spurs a wave of immigration, mostly to states with large Mexican populations, like Colorado and New Mexico; these immigrants bring with them contemporary Mexican culture and helped to revitalize the indigenous music of the Hispanic Southwest.[246]
- The Music Supervisors National Conference is formed to promote music in public schools.[33]
- The New York Philharmonic Society ceases to be a musician-run cooperative, and is taken over by a board of directors.[6]
- The first convention of the Norwegian Singers Association of America is held.[22]
- Vassily Andreyev brings his balalaika and domra orchestra to the United States, inspiring a similar orchestra, supported by the Russian Orthodox Church, to form in St. Louis, followed by Chicago and New York in the next two years.[247][248]
- R. Nathaniel Dett becomes the "first black pianist to make a transcontinental tour of the nation".[202]
- Homer Rodeheaver publishes the first of many gospel song collections that will quickly become a major part of the repertoire for African American churches across the nation.[249]
- The Vaughan Quartet becomes first all-white and all-male professional gospel vocal quartet in the country.[250]
- "A Perfect Day" by Carrie Jacobs-Bond (1862–1946) sells 25 million copies. Bond becomes America's first woman to make a living as a composer.[251]
| Early 1910s music trends |
|---|
|
1911[edit]
- Alice Fletcher and Francis La Flesche publish The Omaha Tribe, a monograph that documents the music and culture of the Omaha; it is often called the first ethnomusicological work.[253]
- Irving Berlin's "That Mysterious Rag" is the first ragtime song to not revolve around explicitly black lyrical themes. Berlin shifts to describing his work in this style as "syncopated", rather than "ragtime".[254] His "Alexander's Ragtime Band" is "conspicuously representative" of the Tin Pan Alley songwriters,[255] and brings about a "brief revival of interest in (ragtime)" despite being the "swan song" of the ragtime era.[256]
- Charles Griffes moves away from a German Romantic style and towards a more free-form style that comes to include French, East Asian and other influences.[257]
- The first permanent orchestra is established in San Francisco.[7][258]
- The term barbershop quartet comes into usage with the release of "Mr. Jefferson, Lord, Play That Barbershop Chord".[259]
- The Victor Gramophone Company hires Frances Elliott Clark to create educational materials that could be sold alongside recordings, for the purpose of music education.[33][152]
- Henry Cowell's Adventures in Harmony is premiered in San Francisco, an early use of tone clusters in the field of classical music.[260]
- Mary Carr Moore composes Narcissa, or The Cost of Empire, with a libretto by her mother, Sarah Pratt Carr, which is "very likely the first grand opera to be composed, scored, and then conducted by an American woman".[261]
- A private performance of Treemonisha by Scott Joplin is the first of an African American "folk opera written by a black composer".[186]
- Raymond Lawson becomes the first known African American pianist to perform concertos with a symphony orchestra, the Hartford Symphony.[202]
- Victor Herbert's Natoma is the first American opera to display verismo (realism).[43]
- The United States Army's bandmaster school is founded at Fort Jay on Governor's Island in New York,[262] led by Walter Darmosch and directed by Arthur A. Clappe.[263]
1912[edit]
- W. C. Handy publishes "The Memphis Blues",[264] a song he had written for the mayoral campaign of Edward Hull Crump;[265][266] its publication creates "an unprecedented vogue" for blues-styled songs, and made Handy's band the most popular in Memphis.[267] Earlier in the year, the first blues texts to be published were Artie Matthews's "Baby Seal Blues" and Hart A. Wand's "Dallas Blues".[268][269][270]
- Community dance halls begin to grow more common, as a number of new dances become a part of the American music scene.[271]
- The All-Kansas Music Competition Festival becomes the first contest devoted to music in schools.[263]
- Leopold Stokowski becomes the conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra, becoming well known for his showmanship.[272]
- James Reese Europe, the first black bandleader in the country,[73] presents the first Concert of Negro Music at Carnegie Hall, the first "organized attempt" to showcase African American music for mainstream audiences in New York.[25][273]
- Lydia Parrish begins going to St. Simons Island in the Sea Islands of Georgia, eventually founding the Spiritual Singers Society of Coastal Georgia.[274]
- Within a week of the sinking of the RMS Titanic, songs have been composed about the disaster, one being a ballad being sold by a black, seemingly blind, preacher to A. E. Perkins.[275]
- Cyrus H. K. Curtis gives the first public recital of organ music in the United States, in Portland, Maine.[276]
- George Whitefield Chadwick's opera The Padrone is rejected by the Metropolitan Opera on the basis that it was "probably too real to life" in its portrayal of "life among the humble Italians". The opera takes place in "the seamy side of Boston (which) Chadwick was the first to dramatize... musically and realistically".[277] It is among the earliest American operas to present its subject realistically.[43]
- John Stillwell Stark publishes Standard High-Class Rags, a collection of ragtime songs arranged for small orchestra. It will eventually become known as The Red-Backed Book of Rags, "and as such it (will be) a wellspring of the 1970s ragtime revival".[278]
- Helen Hagan becomes the first African American pianist to matriculate from Yale University with a Bachelor of Music, and is also the first to win the Sanford Fellowship.[202]
- David I. Martin and Helen Elise Smith found the Martin-Smith School of Music, "one of the most important black musical institutions" of the era.[279]
- A series of concerts begin to be held in New York, sponsored by the Clef Club and the Music School Settlement for Colored; these attract large, mixed-race audiences, and inspire other similar concerts in cities around the country. The most remarkable feature is the use of mandolin, banjo and other elements of African American folk culture by the Clef Club Symphony Orchestra.[280]
- The first piano-roll recordings of African American performers are made by the QRS company, a subsidiary of the Melville Clark Piano Company.[197]
1913[edit]
- The word jazz is used in print for the first time, in San Francisco in reference to "speed and excitement" in a game of baseball.[281] The word's first use to describe a genre of music this year as well, in the catalogue for the International Exhibition of Modern Art (Armory Show) in New York,[282] and in reference to US Army musicians "trained in ragtime and 'jazz'".[235]
- The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) is formed to take advantage of recent changes in copyright law on behalf of composers of music, specifically by collecting royalties from public performances of music.[74]
- Frances Densmore's research constitutes the most extensive description of traditional Ojibwe music,[283] and the "largest collection ever published from one tribe".[113]
- Ragtime is a major part of a brief craze for social and ballroom dancing, which spurs the rise of two well-known dancers, Vernon and Irene Castle, especially after their performance in Watch Your Step the following year.[284] They work with James Reese Europe, whose band becomes the first all-African American dance band to receive a commercial recording contract,[237]recording "Down Home Rag" this year.[127] Europe and the Castles are best known for introducing the castle walk, turkey trot, bunny-hug, Castle rock and fox trot.[284][285]
- The Italian Luigi Russolo publishes L'arte dei rumori, "in which he (views) the evolution of modern music as parallel to that of industrial machinery", a basis for futurism, a movement "identified with technology and the urban-industrial environment... "seeking to enlarge and enrich the domain of sounds in all categories".[286] The foremost proponent of futurism in the United States is Leo Ornstein, who composes Dwarf Suite this year; it is the first of his "anarchistic" and highly dissonant pieces.[287]
- The "first black theater circuit" is founded by Sherman H. Dudley. It will lead to the creation of the Theater Owners Bookers Association (TOBA).[288]
- Robert Nathaniel Dett becomes the first African American director of music at Hampton Institute in Virginia.[289]
- James Mundy begins founding community groups in Chicago, and staging "mammoth concerts" at the Coliseum and Orchestra Hall. Choruses led by Mundy and J. Wesley Jones will sing at "all important occasions in Chicago that called for the participation of blacks" into the 1930s, when the duo's choruses attracted wide attention for their rivalry.[162]
- Bill Johnson founds the Original Creole Orchestra featuring Freddie Keppard, who become the first African American dance band to make transcontinental tours, on the vaudeville circuit. This band carries the "jazz of New Orleans to the rest of the nation".[290]
- Harry Pace and W.C. Handy found the first black-owned music publishing firm.[132]
- Thomas Edison forms a disc company, essentially conceding to the new format rather than his long-time business of cylinders.[291]
- Billboard begins publishing information on the relative success of sheet music for various songs.[75]
- The Lyric Theater opens in Miami, soon becoming one of the pre-eminent African American music venues in the area.[292]
- The Apollo Theatre in New York opens, eventually becoming a music venue and cultural symbol of unparalleled importance in African American music.[293]
1914[edit]
- The operetta ends its period of dominating the Broadway stage.[218]
- The American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) is founded to ensure that composers are paid for performances of their work.[229][294] There are 170 charter members, of whom, six are black: Will Tyers, Harry T. Burleigh, Will Marion Cook, James Weldon Johnson and J. Rosamond.[186][295]
- W. C. Handy publishes "St. Louis Blues", "the most widely popular and enduring commercial success of all blues songs"[296] It will carry "the blues all over the world".[267]
- Dance is becoming a major part of social life in New York and other cities, while certain dancers become national symbols, including Vernon and Irene Castle, and Maurice Mouvet and Florence Walton.[297] The Castles' recordings are with James Reese Europe's Syncopated Society Orchestra, the first black ensemble with a recording contract.[295][298][299]
- The Boston Symphony Orchestra hosts the American premier of Arnold Schoenberg's Five Pieces for Orchestra, a composition that experimented with atonality and other new elements; the premier scandalized the musical establishment of Boston.[300]
- R. Nathaniel Dett composes and publishes one of the first "anthemized" versions of a spiritual, specifically "Listen to the Lambs".[301]
- The first permanent professional orchestra is established in Baltimore.[7]
- The Hardanger Violinist Association of America is established in Ellsworth, Wisconsin to preserve and celebrate the traditions of the Norwegian Hardanger fiddle. The Association's main activities are fiddling contests known as kappleikar.[22]
- Freddie Kreppard, a jazz cornetist, takes his Original Creole Orchestra to California, causing a popular sensation with his music, which he calls jass.[302]
- Jewish American choirs begin springing up in urban areas across the country, many of them associated with socialism.[303]
- James P. Johnson publishes "Carolina Shout", the song that will make him famous and launch his career as one of the big composers of Eastern ragtime.[278]
- Joseph Douglass becomes the first violinist to record, for the Victor Talking Machine Company, but the results are never released.[91]
- Nicola A. Montani organizes the Society of St. Gregory of America to assist in implementing the musical reforms of the Motu proprio encyclical issued by Pope Pius X in 1903.[171]
- Tom Brown becomes the first white jazz performer to leave New Orleans to make a career in Chicago.[304]
1915[edit]
| Mid-1910s music trends |
|---|
|
- The Panama-Pacific Exposition is held in San Francisco, and Hawaiian performances lead to unprecedented interest for Hawaiian music, as well as the ukulele and the Hawaiian guitar, which eventually becomes the steel guitar used primarily in country music. The song "On the Beach at Waikiki" is usually credited with sparking the craze.[38]
- Jerome Kern receives his first "major success with a musical comedy", with Very Good Eddie with lyrics by Schuyler Greene and a libretto by Guy Bolton, based on a farce written by Phillip Bartholomae.[308]
- The score for the film The Birth of a Nation, composed by Joseph Carl Breil, launches the idea of a written film score being a musical work in its own right.[102]
- "Jelly Roll Blues" by Jelly Roll Morton becomes the first published jazz arrangement. Morton, one of the first jazz pianists,[309] will come to be regarded as "the first true jazz composer" in that he was probably the first to write down his jazz arrangements in musical notation.[310] Clarence Williams claimed to be the first to use the word jazz on sheet music, for the song "Brown Skin, Who You For?", which he described as a "Jazz Song".[235]
- Melville Charlton becomes the first African American to become an associate in the American Guild of Organists.[311]
- Marie Lucas' Famous Ladies Orchestra begins performing, soon making Lucas the best known of the "female leaders of syncopated orchestras".[210]
- Charles Demuth begins a series of jazz-themed paintings that are a "definitive contribution to the early history of jazz.[282]
- Tom Brown forms a white band, Brown's Dixieland Jass Band, for the Lamb's Club in Chicago; this dance orchestra was the first group to "formally introduce the music called jazz or jazz" to white Americans. African American ensembles did not use the word jazz consistently until the 1920s.[282]
- The Howard Theater.the most prominent African American music venue in Washington, D.C., opens.[312]
- African Americans begin moving to northern cities, especially Chicago,[313] in large numbers, bring with them their distinctive forms of music.[314]
- The founding Musical Quarterly, with Oscar Sonneck as chief editor, gives musicologists their first "specialized forum" in the country.[171]
1916[edit]
- Harry T. Burleigh arranges a series of spirituals, artistically composed to fit within the Western classical hymn and aria traditions,[259] in Jubilee Songs of the United States of America. He is the first to arrange a spiritual for solo voice,[186] and is also credited with "starting the practice of closing recitals with a group of spirituals".[178]
- Lucie Campbell becomes the music director of the National Baptist Convention's Sunday School and the Union Congress of the Baptist Young People; during her career, she will compose a number of important hymns, including "Heavenly Sunshine", "Something Within", "He Understands, He'll Say 'Well Done'" and "The King's Highway".[315]
- Victor Herbert writes the first full-length score for a motion picture, for The Fall of a Nation.[316]
- English folklorist Cecil Sharp begins collecting Scottish and English folk songs in the southern Appalachian region, and is surprised to discover that the "cult of singing (British) traditional songs is far more alive than it is in England, or has been, for fifty years or more".[228][317][318]
- The first Lithuanian American song festival is held, predating the first similar festival in Lithuania by eight years.[22]
- A bookstore in New York is opened by Myron Surmach, becoming one of the major institutions of the Ukrainian American music industry.[319]
- Irish American music's commercial recording begins in earnest with the work of Ellen O'Byrne DeWitt in Boston.[320]
- Ernest Bloch comes to America. His subsequent work will mark "the crux of the Hebraic impact in America's art music".[321]
- Sherman Clay begins publishing Hawaiian sheet music in San Francisco, greatly improving distribution for Hawaiian music on the mainland, while Ernest Ka'ai publishes a ukulele instruction book, The Ukulele: A Hawaiian Guitar and How to Play It, the first of many to come throughout the following decade.[38]
- Charles A. Tindley's New Songs of Paradise is a popular work,[322] the "first publication of a collection of gospel hymns written by a black songwriter".[186]
- Emma Azalia Hackley becomes one of the first African Americans to record, though the results are never released.[179]
- Nathaniel Clark Smith begins his teaching career at Lincoln High School in Kansas City, Missouri. He will go on to pioneer the African American "master teacher" phenomenon, in which a public school teacher contributes an "enormous amount of time to developing the skills of talented young people". Smith becomes a local legend, and his students include many of the "leading jazz and concert artists" of the mid-20th century.[323]
- John Alden Carpenter's Concertino for Piano and Orchestra is the first work by a white composer to use elements of ragtime.[324]
- W. Benton Overstreet uses the word jass (jazz) in reference to the performers he directed for the vaudevillean Estelle Harris at the Grand Theatre of Chicago.[282]
- Congress authorizes the creation of a band for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and headquarters companies.[262]
- Westfield, New Jersey is home to the first contest for students on the memorization of recording works ("music memory contests").[152]
- "When the Saints Go Marching In", a jazz standard, is published in a Baptist hymnal. Its author is Edward Boatner, who also composed "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands".[325]
1917[edit]
- The U.S. Navy appropriates the St. Thomas Juvenile Band, led by Alton Adams; this is the first black band and bandmaster in the Navy.[326][327][328]
- The Original Dixieland Jazz Band makes the first jazz recordings,[132][282][329][330] though the white band's style is meant for white audiences with little awareness of African American music practices, and the band is unable to impress black audiences or jazz enthusiasts.[295][331][332]
- English folk song collector Cecil Sharp publishes an anthology of songs from western North Carolina, Folk Songs of the Southern Appalachians, with Olive Dame Campbell;[333] this is the "first major scholarly collection of the mountain people's music".[334]
- The October Revolution in Russia leads to political change, soon resulting in state support for professional, virtuoso balalaika orchestras; these groups come to be seen as "role models" by similar groups in the United States.[247]
- The Supreme Court rules that the "public performance of music contributed to the ability of an establishment to make profits even if no special admission was charged for that music".[74]
- With the United States' entry into World War 1, warrior customs among the Plains Native Americans are briefly revived, as many ceremonies and rituals are allowed, after many years of being banned, for the duration of the war.[2]
- Harry T. Burleigh, one of the most prominent African American composers of his time, publishes "Deep River", the first of many classically arranged spirituals.[83]
- George M. Cohan writes "Over There", which will become the most popular song of World War I.[335]
- W. Benton Overstreet's "Jazz Dance", popularized by vaudevillean Estelle Harris at Chicago's Grand Theatre, is an early use of the word jazz and is used by "more black vaudeville acts than any other song ever published".[282]
- The Navy shuts down Storyville, the prostitution district of New Orleans, because the Secretary of the Navy believed it threatened the moral integrity of the armed forces;[330] the result is an exodus of black musicians, who had played in the bars and clubs of Storyville, to cities like Memphis and Chicago.[314] Many of the musicians are hired by Northern bands because their style was considered a novelty that is thought to increase an ensemble's commercial potential; the Northerners, however, tended to adopt the "hot", bluesy style themselves.[285]
- Leo Sowerby, bandmaster of service bands during World War I composes "Tramping Tune".[328]
- W. C. Handy's band makes some of the earliest major recordings by African American artists at a session for the Columbia Phonograph Company.[264]
- The most famous riverboat bandleader of the early jazz era, Fate Marable, forms his first band. He will play with a wealth of well-remembered recording artist, though he will only play on one record, from 1924.[336]
- Art Hickman, a San Francisco bandleader, publishes "Rose Room". Hickman and his pianist-arranger, Ferde Grofé, are influential figures, who "are generally given credit for inventing the type of dance band which" dominates American popular music for the first half of the 20th century; they were among the earliest to "write separate music for the reed and brass sections, combining the higher and lower instruments in each section into choirs... for dancing rather than listening." Hickman was also probably the first to hire three saxophones, enabling the use of more complex and richer harmonies.[337]
1918[edit]
| Late 1910s music trends |
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- The Cotton Club is founded in Harlem, soon becoming the most prominent jazz venuesof the era.[340]
- Henry Cowell, an ultramodernist, while working under Charles Seeger, writes New Musical Resources, and "important compositional and theoretical primer".[341]
- Charles N. Daniels' "Mickey (Pretty Mickey)" is one of the first pieces of music written expressly for a film, for the movie of the same name starring Mabel Normand.[74]
- The Native American Church, which uses many musical elements in its services, including peyote songs, is formally incorporated.[27]
- The first permanent professional orchestra is established in Cleveland.[7]
- The Million Dollar Theater is opened in Los Angeles, eventually becoming one of the premier avenues for Spanish language performances in the Western hemisphere.[201]
- A Kansas woman named Nora Holt becomes the first African American to complete a Master's Degree education in music, from the Chicago Musical College.[342]
- The Pace and Handy Music Company music publishing, a firm for African American composers, co-owned by W. C. Handy, relocates to New York and becomes a leading local institution.[343]
- Charles Tomlinson Griffes' Sonata for Piano is considered his "most original... most complex and ambitious work", and a "powerfully creative and consistently conceived work that (stands) as a peak for neo-Romantic expression in American music for piano".[344]
- Shanewis by Charles Wakefield Cadman is the "most notable" of the Native American-themed operas then popular; it will run for eight shows in two seasons, setting a new American record for opera.[345]
- James Reese Europe's band for the 369th Infantry is the only African American military band of World War 1 sent on a special mission to perform for troops on leave in Aix-les-Bains. The band performs throughout the area, and is very well received.[346] The band popularizes ragtime in France.[347][348][349]
- E. F. Goldman organizes the "first American competition for serious concert band work". Percy Grainger and Victor Herbert serve as judges.[350]
- North Dakota and Oklahoma become the first states to sponsor band contests.[350]
- Congress, on the suggestion of General John J. Pershing, authorizes the creation of twenty additional bands for the duration of World War I. Pershing also increases the size of bands to allow for full instrumentation, setting the standard lineup for future military bands, relieves bandsmen of all non-musical duties, and establishes a band school at Chaumont in France.[351]
- The first attempt to cross-promote a song and film comes from Mickey, a film whose title song, "Mickey", is written by Charles N. Daniels.[352]
1919[edit]
- Popular bandleader James Reese Europe is murdered; he becomes the first African American honored with a public funeral in New York City.[353]
- Tin Pan Alley publishes songs that spark a fad for blues-like music; these songs include syncopated foxtrots like "Jazz Me Blues", pop songs that were marketed as blues like "Wabash Blues", as well as actual blues songs.[354]
- Prohibition begins, driving the consumption of alcohol into secret clubs and other establishments, many of which became associated with the developing genre of jazz.[355]
- The first permanent orchestra is established in Los Angeles.[7][258]
- Carl Seashore's Measures of Musical Talent is a system of assessing musical aptitude that becomes widely adopted but also inspires controversy.[33][152]
- Merle Evans begins leading the Ringling-Barnum Band, becoming the most famous circus bandleader in the country, especially known for leading the other performers with one hand while simultaneously playing the cornet.[356]
- Canadian-born black composer R. Nathaniel Dett is the first to arrange a spiritual in a classical oratorio, with Chariot Jubilee.[83]
- Irving Berlin's "You Cannot Make Your Shimmy Shake on Tea" is one of many songs from the era that expressed opposition to Prohibition. Other songs, like "Drivin' Nails in My Coffin (Every Time I Drink a Bottle of Booze)" expressed support for the abolition of alcohol.[357]
- James Sylvester Scott publishes three rags, "which are among the most demanding of all published piano ragtime": "New Era Rag", "Troubadour Rag" and "Pegasus: A Classic Rag".[358]
- George Gershwin's "Swanee", performed by Al Jolson, becomes a "tremendous hit" and Gershwin's "big breakthrough".[359]
- The National Association of Negro Musicians is founded, after Nora Holt organizes a black musicians summit in Chicago.[360]
- Ryles Jazz Club opens in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It will become the oldest and most renowned jazz club in Cambridge, and the second-most in the Boston area.[361]
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