EVENTS OF THIS DAY IN THE PAST. 1/3/21

• 509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
• 293 – Emperor Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. This is considered the beginning of the Tetrarchy, known as the Quattuor Principes Mundi ("Four Rulers of the World").
• 350 – Vetranio is asked by Constantina, sister of Constantius II, to proclaim himself Caesar.
• 834 – Emperor Louis the Pious is restored as sole ruler of the Frankish Empire. After his re-accession to the throne, his eldest son Lothair I flees to Burgundy.
• 1476 – Forces of the Catholic Monarchs engage the combined Portuguese-Castilian armies of Afonso V and Prince John at the Battle of Toro.
• 1562 – Sixty-three Huguenots are massacred in Wassy, France, marking the start of the French Wars of Religion.
• 1628 – Writs issued in February by Charles I of England mandate that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date.
• 1633 – Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu.
• 1692 – Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne and Tituba are brought before local magistrates in Salem Village, Massachusetts, beginning what would become known as the Salem witch trials.
• 1781 – The Articles of Confederation goes into effect in the United States.^[1][2]
• 1790 – The first United States census is authorized.
• 1796 – The Dutch East India Company is nationalized by the Batavian Republic.
• 1805 – Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted at the end of his impeachment trial by the U.S. Senate.
• 1811 – Leaders of the Mamluk dynasty are killed by Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali.
• 1815 – Napoleon returns to France from his banishment on Elba.
• 1836 – A convention of delegates from 57 Texas communities convenes in Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, to deliberate independence from Mexico.
• 1845 – United States President John Tyler signs a bill authorizing the United States to annex the Republic of Texas.
• 1867 – Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U.S. state.
• 1870 – Marshal F. S. López dies during the Battle of Cerro Corá thus marking the end of the Paraguayan War.
• 1872 – Yellowstone National Park is established as the world's first national park.
• 1893 – Electrical engineer Nikola Tesla gives the first public demonstration of radio in St. Louis, Missouri.
• 1896 – Battle of Adwa: An Ethiopian army defeats an outnumbered Italian force, ending the First Italo-Ethiopian War.^[3]
• 1896 – Henri Becquerel discovers radioactive decay.
• 1901 – The Australian Army is formed.
• 1910 – The deadliest avalanche in United States history buries a Great Northern Railway train in northeastern King County, Washington, killing 96 people.
• 1914 – The Republic of China joins the Universal Postal Union.
• 1917 – The Zimmermann Telegram is reprinted in newspapers across the United States after the U.S. government releases its unencrypted text.
• 1919 – March 1st Movement begins in Korea under Japanese rule.
• 1921 – The Australian cricket team captained by Warwick Armstrong becomes the first team to complete a whitewash of The Ashes, something that would not be repeated for 86 years.
• 1921 – Following mass protests in Petrograd demanding greater freedom in the RSFSR, the Kronstadt rebellion began, with sailors and citizens taking up arms against the Bolsheviks.^[4]
• 1939 – An Imperial Japanese Army ammunition dump explodes at Hirakata, Osaka, Japan, killing 94.
• 1941 – World War II: Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Pact, allying itself with the Axis powers.
• 1942 – World War II: Japanese forces land on Java, the main island of the Dutch East Indies, at Merak and Banten Bay (Banten), Eretan Wetan (Indramayu) and Kragan (Rembang).
• 1946 – The Bank of England is nationalised.
• 1947 – The International Monetary Fund begins financial operations.
• 1950 – Cold War: Klaus Fuchs is convicted of spying for the Soviet Union by disclosing top secret atomic bomb data.
• 1953 – Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin suffers a stroke and collapses; he dies four days later.
• 1954 – Nuclear weapons testing: The Castle Bravo, a 15-megaton hydrogen bomb, is detonated on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean, resulting in the worst radioactive contamination ever caused by the United States.
• 1954 – Armed Puerto Rican nationalists attack the United States Capitol building, injuring five Representatives.
• 1956 – The International Air Transport Association finalizes a draft of the Radiotelephony spelling alphabet for the International Civil Aviation Organization.
• 1956 – Formation of the East German Nationale Volksarmee.
• 1958 – Samuel Alphonsus Stritch is appointed Pro-Prefect of the Propagation of Faith and thus becomes the first U.S. member of the Roman Curia.
• 1961 – Uganda becomes self-governing and holds its first elections.
• 1964 – Villarrica Volcano begins a strombolian eruption causing lahars that destroy half of the town of Coñaripe.
• 1966 – Venera 3 Soviet space probe crashes on Venus becoming the first spacecraft to land on another planet's surface.
• 1966 – The Ba'ath Party takes power in Syria.
• 1971 – President of Pakistan Yahya Khan indefinitely postpones the pending national assembly session, precipitating massive civil disobedience in East Pakistan.
• 1973 – Black September storms the Saudi embassy in Khartoum, Sudan, resulting in the assassination of three Western hostages.
• 1974 – Watergate scandal: Seven are indicted for their role in the Watergate break-in and charged with conspiracy to obstruct justice.
• 1981 – Provisional Irish Republican Army member Bobby Sands begins his hunger strike in HM Prison Maze.
• 1990 – Steve Jackson Games is raided by the United States Secret Service, prompting the later formation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
• 1991 – Uprisings against Saddam Hussein begin in Iraq, leading to the death of more than 25,000 people mostly civilian.
• 1992 – Bosnia and Herzegovina declares its independence from Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
• 1998 – Titanic became the first film to gross over $1 billion worldwide.
• 2002 – U.S. invasion of Afghanistan: Operation Anaconda begins in eastern Afghanistan.
• 2002 – The Envisat environmental satellite successfully launches aboard an Ariane 5 rocket to reach an orbit of 800 km (500 mi) above the Earth, which was the then-largest payload at 10.5 m long and with a diameter of 4.57 m.^[5]
• 2003 – Management of the United States Customs Service and the United States Secret Service move to the United States Department of Homeland Security.
• 2003 – The International Criminal Court holds its inaugural session in The Hague.
• 2005 – In Roper v. Simmons, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the execution of juveniles found guilty of murder is unconstitutional.
• 2006 – English-language Wikipedia reaches its one millionth article, Jordanhill railway station.
• 2006 – A shocking child rape and murder of 2-year-old Nurasyura Binte Mohamed Fauzi, better known as Nonoi, first made headlines for her initially-presumed disappearance, which would later on be exposed as a case of rape and murder. Her stepfather Mohammed Ali bin Johari was found to be responsible for the little girl’s death, and he was sentenced to death a year later.
• 2007 – Tornadoes break out across the southern United States, killing at least 20 people, including eight at Enterprise High School.
• 2008 – The Armenian police clash with peaceful opposition rally protesting against allegedly fraudulent presidential elections, as a result ten people are killed.
• 2014 – Thirty-five people are killed and 143 injured in a mass stabbing at Kunming Railway Station in China.

Births[edit]

• 1105 – Alfonso VII, king of León and Castile (d. 1157)
• 1261 – Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester (d. 1326)
• 1389 – Antoninus of Florence, Italian archbishop and saint (d. 1459)
• 1432 – Isabella of Coimbra (d. 1455)
• 1456 – Vladislaus II of Hungary (d. 1516)
• 1547 – Rudolph Goclenius, German philosopher and lexicographer (d. 1628)
• 1554 – William Stafford, English courtier and conspirator (d. 1612)
• 1577 – Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland (d. 1635)
• 1597 – Jean-Charles della Faille, Flemish priest and mathematician (d. 1652)
• 1611 – John Pell, English mathematician and linguist (d. 1685)
• 1629 – Abraham Teniers, Flemish painter (d. 1670)
• 1647 – John de Brito, Portuguese Jesuit missionary and martyr (d. 1693)
• 1657 – Samuel Werenfels, Swiss theologian and author (d. 1740)
• 1683 – Tsangyang Gyatso, sixth Dalai Lama (d. 1706)
• 1683 – Caroline of Ansbach, British queen and regent (d. 1737)
• 1724 – Manuel do Cenáculo, Portuguese prelate and antiquarian (d. 1814)^[6]
• 1732 – William Cushing, American lawyer and judge (d. 1810)
• 1760 – François Buzot, French lawyer and politician (d. 1794)
• 1769 – François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers, French general (d. 1796)
• 1807 – Wilford Woodruff, American religious leader, 4th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1898)
• 1810 – Frédéric Chopin, Polish pianist and composer (d. 1849)
• 1812 – Augustus Pugin, English architect, co-designed the Palace of Westminster (d. 1852)
• 1817 – Giovanni Duprè, Italian sculptor and educator (d. 1882)
• 1821 – Joseph Hubert Reinkens, German bishop and academic (d. 1896)
• 1835 – Philip Fysh, English-Australian politician, 12th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1919)
• 1837 – William Dean Howells, American novelist, playwright, and critic (d. 1920)
• 1842 – Nikolaos Gyzis, Greek painter and academic (d. 1901)
• 1848 – Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Irish-American sculptor and academic (d. 1907)
• 1852 – Théophile Delcassé, French politician, French Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 1923)
• 1863 – Alexander Golovin, Russian painter and set designer (d. 1930)
• 1870 – E. M. Antoniadi, Greek-French astronomer and academic (d. 1944)
• 1876 – Henri de Baillet-Latour, Belgian businessman (d. 1942)
• 1880 – Lytton Strachey, British writer and critic (d. 1932)
• 1886 – Oskar Kokoschka, Austrian-Swiss painter, poet, and playwright (d. 1980)
• 1888 – Ewart Astill, English cricketer and billiards player (d. 1948)
• 1888 – Fanny Walden, English cricketer and umpire, international footballer (d. 1949)^[7]
• 1889 – Tetsuro Watsuji, Japanese historian and philosopher (d. 1960)
• 1890 – Theresa Bernstein, Polish-American painter and author (d. 2002)
• 1891 – Ralph Hitz, Austrian-American hotelier (d. 1940)
• 1892 – Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Japanese author and educator (d. 1927)
• 1893 – Mercedes de Acosta, American author, poet, and playwright (d. 1968)
• 1896 – Dimitri Mitropoulos, Greek pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1960)
• 1896 – Moriz Seeler, German playwright and producer (d. 1942)
• 1899 – Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, German SS officer (d. 1972)
• 1904 – Paul Hartman, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 1973)
• 1904 – Glenn Miller, American trombonist, composer, and bandleader (d. 1944)
• 1905 – Doris Hare, Welsh-English actress, singer, and dancer (d. 2000)
• 1906 – Phạm Văn Đồng, Vietnamese lieutenant and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Vietnam (d. 2000)
• 1909 – Eugene Esmonde, English lieutenant and pilot (d. 1942)
• 1909 – Winston Sharples, American pianist and composer (d. 1978)
• 1910 – Archer John Porter Martin, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)
• 1910 – David Niven, English soldier and actor (d. 1983)
• 1912 – Gerald Emmett Carter, Canadian cardinal (d. 2003)
• 1912 – Boris Chertok, Polish-Russian engineer and academic (d. 2011)
• 1914 – Harry Caray, American sportscaster (d. 1998)
• 1914 – Ralph Ellison, American novelist and literary critic (d. 1994)
• 1917 – Robert Lowell, American poet (d. 1977)
• 1918 – João Goulart, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 24th President of Brazil (d. 1976)
• 1918 – Gladys Spellman, American educator and politician (d. 1988)
• 1920 – Max Bentley, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1984)
• 1921 – Cameron Argetsinger, American race car driver and lawyer (d. 2008)
• 1921 – Terence Cooke, American cardinal (d. 1983)
• 1921 – Richard Wilbur, American poet, translator, and essayist (d. 2017)
• 1922 – William Gaines, American publisher (d. 1992)
• 1922 – Yitzhak Rabin, Israeli general and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Israel, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)
• 1924 – Arnold Drake, American author and screenwriter (d. 2007)
• 1924 – Deke Slayton, American soldier, pilot, and astronaut (d. 1993)
• 1926 – Robert Clary, French-American actor and author
• 1926 – Cesare Danova, Italian-American actor (d. 1992)
• 1926 – Pete Rozelle, American businessman and 3rd Commissioner of the National Football League (d. 1996)
• 1926 – Allan Stanley, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2013)
• 1927 – George O. Abell, American astronomer, professor at UCLA, science popularizer, and skeptic (d. 1983)
• 1927 – Harry Belafonte, American singer-songwriter and actor
• 1927 – Robert Bork, American lawyer and scholar, United States Attorney General (d. 2012)
• 1928 – Jacques Rivette, French director, screenwriter, and critic (d. 2016)
• 1929 – Georgi Markov, Bulgarian journalist and author (d. 1978)
• 1930 – Monu Mukhopadhyay, Indian Bengali actor
• 1930 – Gastone Nencini, Italian cyclist (d. 1980)
• 1934 – Jean-Michel Folon, Belgian painter and sculptor (d. 2005)
• 1934 – Joan Hackett, American actress (d. 1983)
• 1935 – Robert Conrad, American actor, radio host and stuntman (d. 2020)
• 1936 – Jean-Edern Hallier, French author (d. 1997)
• 1939 – Leo Brouwer, Cuban guitarist, composer, and conductor
• 1939 – Mustansar Hussain Tarar, Pakistani author
• 1940 – Robin Gray, Australian politician, 37th Premier of Tasmania
• 1940 – Robert Grossman, American painter, sculptor, and author (d. 2018)
• 1941 – Robert Hass, American poet
• 1942 – Richard Myers, American general
• 1943 – Gil Amelio, American businessman
• 1943 – José Ángel Iribar, Spanish footballer and manager
• 1943 – Rashid Sunyaev, Russian-German astronomer and physicist
• 1944 – Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, Indian politician, 7th Chief Minister of West Bengal
• 1944 – John Breaux, American lawyer and politician
• 1944 – Roger Daltrey, English singer-songwriter, producer, and actor
• 1944 – Mike d'Abo, English singer
• 1945 – Dirk Benedict, American actor and director
• 1946 – Gerry Boulet, Canadian singer-songwriter (d. 1990)
• 1946 – Jim Crace, English author and academic
• 1947 – Alan Thicke, Canadian-American actor and composer (d. 2016)
• 1951 – Sergei Kourdakov, Russian-American KGB agent (d. 1973)
• 1952 – Dave Barr, Canadian golfer
• 1952 – Nevada Barr, American actress and author
• 1952 – Leigh Matthews, Australian footballer, coach, and sportscaster
• 1952 – Jerri Nielsen, American physician and explorer (d. 2009)
• 1952 – Martin O'Neill, Northern Irish footballer and manager
• 1953 – Sinan Çetin, Turkish actor, director, and producer
• 1953 – Carlos Queiroz, Portuguese footballer and manager
• 1954 – Catherine Bach, American actress
• 1954 – Ron Howard, American actor, director, and producer
• 1954 – Rod Reddy, Australian rugby league player and coach^[8]
• 1956 – Tim Daly, American actor, director, and producer
• 1956 – Dalia Grybauskaitė, Lithuanian politician, 6th President of Lithuania
• 1958 – Nik Kershaw, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
• 1958 – Wayne B. Phillips, Australian cricketer and coach^[9]
• 1959 – Nick Griffin, English politician
• 1961 – Mike Rozier, American football player
• 1963 – Ron Francis, Canadian ice hockey player and manager^[10]
• 1965 – Booker T, American wrestler and sportscaster^[11]
• 1965 – Stewart Elliott, Canadian jockey^[12]
• 1966 – Zack Snyder, American director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1967 – Aron Winter, Surinamese-Dutch footballer and manager^[13]
• 1969 – Javier Bardem, Spanish actor and producer^[14]
• 1971 – Ivan Cleary, Australian rugby league player and coach^[15]
• 1973 – Chris Webber, American basketball player and sportscaster^[16]
• 1977 – Rens Blom, Dutch pole vaulter^[17]
• 1979 – Mikkel Kessler, Danish boxer^[18]
• 1979 – Bruno Langlois, Canadian cyclist^[19]
• 1980 – Shahid Afridi, Pakistani cricketer^[20]
• 1980 – Sercan Güvenışık, German-Turkish footballer^[21]
• 1980 – Djimi Traoré, French-Malian footballer^[22]
• 1981 – Will Power, Australian race car driver^[23]
• 1983 – Daniel Carvalho, Brazilian footballer^[24]
• 1983 – Anthony Tupou, Australian rugby league player^[25]
• 1984 – Alexander Steen, Canadian-Swedish ice hockey player^[26]
• 1985 – Andreas Ottl, German footballer^[27]
• 1986 – Jonathan Spector, American footballer^[28]
• 1987 – Kesha, American singer-songwriter and actress^[29]
• 1989 – Carlos Vela, Mexican footballer^[30]
• 1992 – Tom Walsh, New Zealand athlete^[31]
• 1993 – Nathan Brown, Australian rugby league player^[32]
• 1993 – Michael Conforto, American baseball player^[33]
• 1993 – Kurt Mann, Australian rugby league player^[34]
• 1993 – Josh McEachran, English footballer^[35]
• 1994 – Justin Bieber, Canadian singer-songwriter
• 1994 – Asanoyama Hideki, Japanese sumo wrestler^[36]
• 1999 – Brogan Hay, Scottish footballer^[37]

Deaths[edit]

• 492 – Felix III, pope of the Catholic Church
• 589 – David, Welsh bishop and saint
• 965 – Leo VIII, pope of the Catholic Church
• 977 – Rudesind, Galician bishop (b. 907)
• 991 – En'yū, Japanese emperor (b. 959)
• 1058 – Ermesinde of Carcassonne, countess and regent of Barcelona (b. 972)
• 1131 – Stephen II, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1101)
• 1233 – Thomas, count of Savoy (b. 1178)
• 1244 – Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Fawr, Welsh noble, son of Llywelyn the Great (b. 1200)
• 1320 – Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, Chinese emperor (b. 1286)
• 1383 – Amadeus VI, count of Savoy (b. 1334)
• 1510 – Francisco de Almeida, Portuguese soldier and explorer (b. 1450)
• 1546 – George Wishart, Scottish minister and martyr (b. 1513)
• 1620 – Thomas Campion, English poet and composer (b. 1567)
• 1633 – George Herbert, English poet and orator (b. 1593)
• 1643 – Girolamo Frescobaldi, Italian pianist and composer (b. 1583)
• 1661 – Richard Zouch, English judge and politician (b. 1590)
• 1666 – Ecaterina Cercheza, princess consort of Moldavia (b. 1620)
• 1697 – Francesco Redi, Italian physician and poet (b. 1626)
• 1734 – Roger North, English lawyer and author (b. 1653)
• 1768 – Hermann Samuel Reimarus, German philosopher and author (b. 1694)
• 1773 – Luigi Vanvitelli, Italian architect, designed the Palace of Caserta (b. 1700)
• 1792 – Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1747)
• 1792 – Angelo Emo, Venetian admiral and statesman (b. 1731)^[38]
• 1841 – Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno, French general and politician, French Minister of Defence (b. 1764)
• 1862 – Peter Barlow, English mathematician and physicist (b. 1776)
• 1875 – Tristan Corbière, French poet and educator (b. 1845)
• 1882 – Theodor Kullak, German pianist, composer, and educator (b. 1818)
• 1884 – Isaac Todhunter, English mathematician and academic (b. 1820)
• 1906 – José María de Pereda, Spanish author (b. 1833)
• 1911 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch-German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
• 1914 – Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, English soldier and politician, 8th Governor General of Canada (b. 1845)
• 1920 – John H. Bankhead, American lawyer and politician (b. 1842)
• 1922 – Pichichi, Spanish footballer (b. 1892)
• 1932 – Frank Teschemacher, American Jazz musician (b. 1906)
• 1936 – Mikhail Kuzmin, Russian author and poet (b. 1871)
• 1938 – Gabriele D'Annunzio, Italian journalist and politician (b. 1863)
• 1940 – Anton Hansen Tammsaare, Estonian author (b. 1878)
• 1942 – George S. Rentz, American commander (b. 1882)
• 1943 – Alexandre Yersin, Swiss-French physician and bacteriologist (b. 1863)
• 1952 – Mariano Azuela, Mexican physician and author (b. 1873)
• 1966 – Fritz Houtermans, Polish-German physicist and academic (b. 1903)
• 1974 – Bobby Timmons, American pianist and composer (b. 1935)
• 1976 – Jean Martinon, French conductor and composer (b. 1910)
• 1978 – Paul Scott, English author, poet, and playwright (b. 1920)
• 1979 – Mustafa Barzani, Iraqi-Kurdistan politician (b. 1903)
• 1980 – Wilhelmina Cooper, Dutch-American model and businesswoman, founded Wilhelmina Models (b. 1940)
• 1980 – Dixie Dean, English footballer (b. 1907)
• 1983 – Arthur Koestler, Hungarian-English journalist and author (b. 1905)
• 1984 – Jackie Coogan, American actor (b. 1914)
• 1988 – Joe Besser, American comedian and actor (b. 1907)
• 1989 – Vasantdada Patil, Indian politician, 5th Chief Minister of Maharashtra (b. 1917)
• 1991 – Edwin H. Land, American scientist and businessman, co-founded the Polaroid Corporation (b. 1909)
• 1995 – César Rodríguez Álvarez, Spanish footballer and manager (b. 1920)
• 1995 – Georges J. F. Köhler, German biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1946)
• 1998 – Archie Goodwin, American author and illustrator (b. 1937)
• 2004 – Mian Ghulam Jilani, Pakistani general (b. 1914)
• 2006 – Peter Osgood, English footballer (b. 1947)
• 2006 – Jack Wild, English actor (b.1952)
• 2006 – Nurasyura binte Mohamed Fauzi, Singaporean rape and murder victim.
• 2010 – Kristian Digby, English television host and director (b. 1977)
• 2012 – Andrew Breitbart, American journalist and publisher (b. 1969)
• 2012 – Germano Mosconi, Italian journalist (b. 1932)
• 2013 – Bonnie Franklin, American actress, dancer, and singer (b. 1944)
• 2014 – Alain Resnais, French director, cinematographer, and screenwriter (b. 1922)
• 2015 – Minnie Miñoso, Cuban-American baseball player and coach (b. 1922)
• 2018 – María Rubio, Mexican television, film and stage actress (b. 1934)
• 2019 – Mike Willesee, Australian journalist and producer (b. 1942)