657 Battle of Siffin during the first Muslim civil war between Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiyah I beside Euphrates River
1803 The Surrey Iron Railway, arguably the world's first public railway, opens in south London
1908 United States Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation)
1945 Declaration of Potsdam: US, Britain and China demand the Japanese surrender during WWII
1953 Fidel Castro leads a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks, intended to spark a revolution in Cuba
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