1755 Lisbon earthquake kills more than 50,000 in Portugal
1814 Congress of Vienna opens to re-draw the European political map after the defeat of France, in the Napoleonic Wars.
1894 Vaccine for diphtheria announced by Dr Roux of Paris
1916 Paul Miliukov delivers in the Russian State Duma the famous "stupidity or treason" speech, precipitating the downfall of the Boris Stürmer government.
1952 "Ivy Mike", the first thermonuclear weapon to utilize the H-bomb design of Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam, is detonated in the Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean
2012 Scientists detect evidence of light from the universe's first stars, predicted to have formed 500 million years after the big bang
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